Transcript Chapter 1 New World Beginnings

Chapter 1 New World
Beginnings
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225 million years ago
world was one big
landmass called the
pangea before it broke
apart to form continents
separated by oceans.
Ice Ages
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Ice ages are recurring periods in
the Earth's history, usually
thousands or tens of thousands
of years in length, when the
entire Earth experiences colder
climatic conditions. During these
periods, enormous continental
glaciers called ice sheets cover
large areas of the Earth’s
surface. Ice ages are separated
by warmer periods called
interglacial periods. Several ice
ages have occurred throughout
our planet's history. The last ice
age peaked about 18,000 years
ago, after which the Earth again
began to warm.
Great Ice Age
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Shaped Geological
history of North
America and
contributed to origins of
human history
Covered part of
Europe,Asia, and the
Americas until it melted
10,000 years ago
revealing a land bridge
Bering Strait
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Land Bridge connected
Eurasia and North
America
( Present day Siberia
and Alaska)
Asian hunters crossed
over on bridge until sea
level rise and cover it
again. This led to their
isolation until discovery
by Europeans.
Ice Age Migration Pattern
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By the time
Europeans made it to
the North America,
ancestors of natives
had migrated down to
South and Central
America for warmer
climate.
Natives created sophisticated
civilization in the Americas
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Incas city Machu-Picchu in Peru
Natives created sophisticated
civilization in the Americas
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Mayans (in Central America) and their
decaying civilization as depicted in Apocalypto
More sophisticated civilization
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Aztecs in Mexico had developed
agriculture, elaborate
cities(Tenochtitlan) , commerce
and mathemetical knowledge.
When the Spaniards landed in
Mexico in 1519, they discovered
a civilization that
took their breath away with its
opulence and grandeur -- and
also with its insatiable appetite
for human sacrifice. The
Catholic monks and friars that
accompanied Cortez on his
expedition began to probe and
delve into the origins of the
mighty Aztec empire -- recording
the legends and traditions of the
great migration that took the
Aztecs to the valley of Mexico.
Earliest “Americans”
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Developed agriculture ( corn) responsible for
the large size of Native American civilizations
in Mexico and South America.
Hunters/gatherers cultivated corn which
became the main food source. This is the
foundation of stabilizing huge nation states
like the Incas and the Aztecs. They no longer
had to migrate or live a nomadic existence.
Widespread of crop cultivation
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Corn planting reached Americans in South west
region like the Pueblo Indians in New Mexico. They
built irrigation system.
Maize, beans, squash-rich diet and farming
techniques contributed to population density in
continent
Iroquois nation in North America rival those of the
Incas and Mayans. Some natives had no desire to
alter the face of the land or the means to do it so
they spread out in N.A. in small groups.
Indirect Discoveries of the
New World
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Norse seafarers tried to colonize present day
Newfoundland( Part of N.A.) but left because
no funding.
Christian crusaders exposed to exotic goods
during their crusades against
theMuslims.Later they wanted to find route to
Asia to get it. This motivation for riches and
goods would eventually lead to discovery of
N.A.
Europeans Enter Africa:The
stage is set for exploration
1. European appetites for
Eastern treasures
increased as a result of
Marco Polo’s tales of
his stay in China. He
worked for Kubla Khan
for 17 years.The stories
spurred exploration
them to find a less
expensive route to Asia
or develop alternate
sources of supply.
The Stage is set
2. Portuguese mariners
developed the caravel,
a ship that could sail
from Europe to African
coast where they set up
trading post for gold
and slaves.
The stage is set for exploration
3. Spain unite through the
marriageof2sovereignsFerdinand of Aragon
and Isabella Castille.
They wanted to beat
the Portuguese in trade
so they looked
westward to unexplored
land (N.A.). Lucky
timing for Columbus.
Columbus audience with the
king and queen
Columbus Comes upon New
World
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given 3 ships by
Spanish monarchy
Oct. 12, 1492 landed in
Bahamas while
searching for new water
routes to Indies (orient)
Called natives Indians
and the term stuck to
this day
Columbus’s “failure” had longlasting affects on history
1.
His failure led other
nations to find the
routes around land
barriers blocking the
ocean pathway which
led to discovery of
new continents
His voyage created an interdependent
global economic system
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Europe provided the
markets, capital, and
technology.
Africa :labor
New World: raw
materials like precious
metals and soil for
farming
When Worlds Collide: Old vs.
New
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Food from New world
such as beans,
tomatoes, potatoes
help fed growing
population of Old world
(most important Indian
gift to Europeans)
Maize, manioc, and
sweet potatoes may
have fed the African
population
Old and New World
exchange
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New World gives to the Old World: gold,
silver, corn, potatoes, pineapple, tomatoes,
tobacco, beans, vanilla, chocolate, and
syphilis.
Old World gives to New World: wheat, sugar,
rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox,
measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus,
diphtheria, scarlet fever and slave labor
Spanish Conquistadores and their
affects
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Wanted silver & gold in America.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) –Spain and
Portugal split up new lands in New world
In1500 Spain dominated in exploration and
colonization
Silver introduced to New World which caused
a price revolution--- increased consumer cost
by 500% beginning of capitalism
Spanish Affects continued
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New World money transformed World Banks
because this laid the foundation for
commercial banking today
Caribbean islands used as staging sites for
attacks on other nations
Spanish govt set up encomienda: act of
giving natives to colonist to convert, a form of
slavery
Key Events of the Conquest of Mexico
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2 interpreters/slaves helped Cortez discover
discontent and internal problems of Aztecs
which he used to gain control
20,000 Indian allies helped Cortez conquer
Moctezuma believed Cortes was the god
Quetzalcoatl so allowed him to approach
1520-21 Cortes laid siege to city and a year
later Aztecs submitted to Spanish rule
Statistics of death cause by the arrival of the
Spaniards
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Within 50yrs of Spanish arrival population of
Taino natives in Hisponiola dropped from 1
mill to 200 ( diseases the main reason)
Centuries after Columbus landed: 90% of
Native Americans dead.
Entire cultures, ancient ways of life
extinguished forever.
The Spread of Spanish
America
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Conquered millions of
Indians and built cities
along S. America
Conquered N.M. founded
Santa Fe: set up missions
to convert heathens
Spanish guilty of killing,
enslaving, and infecting
natives with small pox, but
they also built a colossal
empire from Ca. to Florida
to Terra del Fuego
Differences between English and
Spanish Settlers/Conquerors
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Spanish colonial settlements stronger, richer
than English
Spanish genuine empire builders and cultural
innovators. They intermarried with the
natives and fused their cultures together.
English shunned and isolated the natives
they encounter