Transcript Building Types - Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering

Building Types
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Building Use and Size
Buildings are available in many types
and sizes.
Large, specialized buildings should be
planned and built by professionals.
Smaller, simple designs can be
constructed by the
owner/manager as long as
good building principles are
used.
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Building Types
Building types can be classified by their
construction design.
– Pole building
– Post and girder (Timber frame)
– Rigid frame
• Wood
• Metal (Fig-40-20)
• Light frame
• Quonset
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Building Type-Pole
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Gets its name from the use of poles for the wall construction.
Inexpensive, popular style of building.
Requires careful engineering when walls are not enclosed.
Rafters
Purlins
Roofing
Siding
Braces
Girts
P.P.T. Poles
Girders
P.P.T. Skirts
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Building Type-Post & Girder
(Timber Framing)
• The craft of timber framing reached
it's maturity in Europe in the 1400's.
• Timber frame construction uses
massive timbers that are tightly fitted
together with mortise and tenon
joinery, and then secured with
hardwood pegs.
• Requires more skill than modern wooed frame construction.
• Produces a very durable building.
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Building Types- Rigid Frame
• Rigid frame construction
has become popular for
many Ag buildings.
• Two studs and two
rafters are combined to
form a structural unit with
a gable shape.
• Structure is free of interior supports and trusses.
• Simple construction.
• Comparable costs to other clear span construction methods.
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Building Types- Rigid Frame-cont.
• Wood
– Plywood gussets are used at each
joint to form a unit.
• Steel
– Preformed members are bolted or
welded together.
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Building Types-Light Frame
• Three types of light
frame construction are
used:
– Platform
– Balloon
– Slab
• Platform more common
than balloon for
residences
• Slab is very common
for Ag Buildings and
residences.
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Two Story Light Frame Construction Terms
Footing
Continuous concrete or
masonry pad.
If used, installed before
the foundation.
– Supports the
foundation wall.
– Size of footing
depends on the load
of building and the
load bearing
characteristics of the
soil.
When would a footing
not be used?
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Foundation
• Concrete or masonry
wall that supports the
building.
• Must either extend
below frost depth or be
engineered for above
frost line.
• Should include anchor
bolts to attach building
to foundation.
What other types of
attachments systems
can be used?
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Sill plate
• Wooden member
attached to the
foundation.
• Pressure treated lumber
recommended.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Joists
• The floor joists provide the
support for the floor.
• Size and spacing
determined by the
designed floor load.
• Rim joist attaches to end of
floor joists to fill in the
space and tie the ends
together.
Why are diagonal braces
used?
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Sub floor
• The sub floor is
attached to the floor
joists.
• Plywood, MDF or
particle board is
commonly used.
• Concrete sub floors are
also used.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Sole Plate
• The sole plate is
fastened to the end of
the studs before it
attached to the sub floor.
• Anchors the wall to the
sub floor.
What is the difference
between a sole plate
and a sill plate?
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Studs
• The studs form the structure
for the walls.
• Spacing and size is
determined by the loads,
desired insulation value and
uses of the building.
• Different stud arrangements
are used to attach the walls
together at the corners.
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Studs-cont.
Different construction techniques are used to attach the walls
together at the corners.
Which one is best?
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Plate and Top Plate
• The first top plate
attached to the ends of
the studs.
• The second top plate is
nailed to the first one. It is
used to increase the load
bearing capacity.
• Note: the plates overlap at
the corners to help tie the
walls together.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Brace
• The purpose of the brace is
to reinforce the building
ability to resist “racking”
forces.
• Racking forces are parallel
Force
to the wall.
• Braces are set in the the
edge of the studs.
• This method is not very
common today.
Force
What has taken the place of
the brace?
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Sheathing
• Sheathing is the first layer
of material on the outside
surface of the walls.
• Sheathing may be sheet
material, plywood, MDF.
etc. or dimensioned
lumber.
• Sheet material is more
common.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Siding
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Wooden siding boards are the
traditional material for the
outside surface of the wall.
Vinyl and other materials can
also be used to enhance
weather resistance.
Residences may use brick in
place of siding.
Ag structures usually use metal
sheet material.
When the building is just a
single story, the ceiling joists
and rafters would be next.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Joists
• When the building is
multistory, the parts from
the joists up is repeated.
• In platform construction,
the process repeats for
each floor.
• Joists are placed to form
the ceiling for the first
story and the floor for the
second story.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Second Story Sub Floor
• A second sub floor is
installed on the second
story joists.
• May be the same
material or different
material from the first
story sub floor.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Second Story Sole Plate
• The second story sole
plate serves the same
function as the first story.
• It attaches the second
story studs to the floor.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Secondary Story Studs
• The second story studs
form the walls for the
second story.
• Usually the same
spacing as the first
story, but lumber may
be smaller dimensions.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Second Story Top Plate
• The second story top
plate serves the same
function as the first
story plate--support
the joists (floor or
ceiling).
• In a two story
building, the second
story plates also
supports the rafters.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Ceiling Joists
• The ceiling joists
provide an
attachment for the
ceiling material and
supports attic loads.
– Insulation
– Storage
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Rafters
• The rafters support
the roof materials.
• Rafter lumber
dimensions are
determined by the
load on the roof
and the distance
between supports.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Cripple Studs
• The term “cripple” is
often used to describe a
building part that is
shorter than or different
than similar parts in the
building.
• In this example it is
used to describe the
studs the run from the
top plate to the rafter.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Balloon Construction
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Balloon construction has four
(4) major differences from
platform.
1. The studs are continuous
from the bottom sill to the
last top plate.
2. The sub floor is installed
after the studs are in place.
3. Fire stops are used to
enclose the space between
the studs at each floor.
4. The second story joists are
supported by a rim joist.
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Light Frame Construction Terms
Slab
• In slab style buildings the
concrete floor is placed on
top of the stem wall.
• The remainder of the
building is built following
platform or balloon
construction.
Concrete
Slab
Stem Wall
– Wood structure must be
attached to concrete.
• Height of stem wall varies.
• Utilities that go through
the floor must be in place
before the floor is poured.
Footing
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Roof Designs
• Different roof designs are used for agricultural
buildings.
• Several factors can influence the design:
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Building use
Costs
Available materials
Skill of builder
Personal preference
• Eight (8) common roof designs:
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Shed
Hip
Gable
Gambrel
Gothic
Monitor
Half monitor
Quonset
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Roof Designs--Shed
 Shed
 Simplest to construct
 Single slope
 Commonly used for sheds and
additions.
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Roof Designs-Hip
 Hip
 Strongest
 More difficult to construct
 More popular with houses
than farm buildings
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Roof Designs-Gable
 Gable
 Two slopes
 Most common
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Roof Designs--Gambrel
 Gambrel
 Most useable space under the roof.
 More difficult than gable
 Traditional barn, but also used for houses.
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Roof Designs--Gothic
Gothic
 Modification of Gambrel
 Arches must be bent, laminated or
composite construction
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Roof Design--Monitor
Monitor
 More difficult to build
 Allows sunlight into middle of building.
 Improves natural ventilation
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Roof Designs—Half Monitor
• Half Monitor
 Popular for chicken houses
 Less difficult to build than monitor
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Roof Designs--Quonset
• Quonset
– Very popular in agriculture
– Used for many military buildings
because of speed and ease of
construction.
– Newer design is self supporting
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Questions
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