Transcript KIFEE: Hybrid power production systems

Hybrid power production systems
– integrated solutions
Olav Bolland
Professor
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
KIFEE-Symposium, Kyoto,
November 15-17, 2004
Materials and Processes for Environment and Energy
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Bolland
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
Power production in Norway
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Bolland
National grid: 99.5% hydropower
 27000 MW - 120 TWh/a
 Per capita: 6 kW - 27000 kWh/a
Offshore oil/gas: mechanical power and local grids
 3000 MW gas turbine power - 10 TWh/a
Future:
 Wind power: 2002-2010 +3 TWh/a
 More hydropower: potential YES
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acceptance NO
 Natural gas power: potential YES
problem is CO2
 CO2 is a hot issue!!
 Dependence on import of coal & nuclear power?
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
Power related research at NTNU
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Bolland
Grid and production optimisation: Scandinavian
electricity market
Hydropower technology 1) pumping turbines 2) small-scale turbines
Wind power
PV – material technology
Fuel cells – PEM and SOFC
Biomass gasification combined with gas engines and
SOFC
Natural gas
 optimal operation of gas turbines (oil/gas production)
 NOx emissions
 CO2 capture and storage
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
Hybrid power production systems
– integrated solutions
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Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) integrated with a Gas
Turbine
 Potential for very high fuel-to-electricity efficiency
Cogeneration of Hydrogen and Power, with CO2
capture
 using hydrogen-permeable membrane
Power generation with CO2 capture
 using oxygen-transport membrane
Examples where advanced material technology is the
key to improved energy conversion technologies
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Bolland
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
SOFC/GT
Solid Oxide Fuel Cell integrated in Gas Turbine
Part-load and off-design performance
Control strategies
Dynamic performance
EXHAUST
Natural gas
RECIRCULATION
PreReformer
SOFC
AIR
Anode
Generator
REMAINING
FUEL
DC/
AC
Cathode
AIR
Turbine
AIR
Air
Compressor
SOFC model
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Bolland
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
Afterburner
SOFC model

r
Anode Electrolyte Cathode
Fuel
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Bolland
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
Air supply tube
Air
Air
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Olav Bolland
0
Modelling of the
Temperature Distribution
• Gas streams are modelled in 1D
• Solid is modelled in 2D
Heat conduction in solid
T
k

 2  T
t c p  
Radiative heat transfer
Qrad  Ai Fi  j (Ti 4  T j4 )
r
Anode Electrolyte Cathode
Fuel
Convective heat transfer
T
T
2h
 vFluid

 TWall  TFluid 
t
z r    c p
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Bolland
Air supply tube
Air
0
Air
Boundary between air and solid
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
k
T
 h TFluid  TSurface  0
r


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Olav Bolland
Mass balance and reaction kinetics
Steam reforming
CH 4  H 2O  CO  3H 2
dci
dc
 v fuel i   rxi , j
dt
dz
j
Shift
CO  H 2O  CO2  H 2
Coking
2CO  CO2  C
CH 4  C  2 H 2
K shift  e
Gshift
r
cCO2 cH 2
K shift
Fuel
)

m ole
rCH 4 m ole/ s   4274 2
e
m  bar  s
Bolland
Air supply tube
Air
RT
rCO   (cCO cH 2O 
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Anode Electrolyte Cathode
82 000 J / mole
RT
 pCH 4  Aact
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
Air
rH 2 
I
2F
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Olav Bolland
0
Electrochemistry and losses
Potential balance
U cell  Eocv  IROhm  act  diff
Electrochemistry
1
H 2  O2  H 2O
2
Electromotive force
0.5
G 0 RT  pH 2 pO2 
EOCV 

ln 

2F
2 F  pH 2O 
Activation polarisation
act
8360 K
I
 2.83 10 m 
e T
Aact
4
Anode Electrolyte Cathode
r
Air supply tube
Air
2
Fuel
Air
Diffusion polarisation
diff
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Bolland
b
3TB
RTanode  yH 2 yH 2O

ln  3TB b
 yH yH O
2F
 2 2
 RTcathode  yOb 2
ln  3TB
 
 yO
2
F

 2



Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
0
Overall system model
Heat exchange
between prereformer
and anode surface
Prereformer is
modelled as a
Gibbs reactor
EXHAUST
Natural gas
Thermal inertia and
gas residence times
included in the heat
exchanger models
RECIRCULATION
PreReformer
SOFC
AIR
Anode
Generator
REMAINING
FUEL
DC/
AC
Cathode
AIR
Turbine
AIR
Air
Compressor
Map-based
turbine model
Map-based
compressor model
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Bolland
High-frequency
generator
Shaft mass inertia
accounted for
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
Afterburner
Performance maps
with optimised line of operation
according to a given criteria
110
110
10 0%
Design
point
te
ta
85 %
70 %
36 %
70
55 %
60
%
70
50
%
65
40
30
%
55
25 %
%
60
%
40
50 %
44 %
me
r egi
%
e
r
5
u
4
t
pe ra
tem
w
Lo
Max SOFC T [K]
Max radial T grad [K/m]
Max axial T grad [K/m]
Operation Line
100
90
Relative Fuel Flow [% of Design]
No
80
20
%
Relative Fuel Flow [% of Design]
90
s
dy
a
ste
28
%
GT power fraction [%]
Net power [% of Design]
Net efficiency [% LHV]
Operation Line
100
No
80
70
0
K/m 2
40 0
60
10
70
75
80
85
90
95
Relative Shaft Speed [% of Design]
100
105
Lo
Bolland
me
r egi
e
r
u
rat
mpe
w te
/m
10 0K
90 0K
80 0K
65
70
95
90
85
80
75
Relative Shaft Speed [% of Design]
Line of operation for load change
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10 00K
m
20 0K/
40
20
65
m
0K/
50
10 %
10
0K
12 0
Design
point
K
11 00
K/m
60 0
30
20
K/m
00
e
4
t
ta
ys
/m /m
d
a
0K 0 0K
e
0
t
3
8
s
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
100
105
Dynamic performance of SOFC/GT
Air delivery tube
Air inlet
Air outlet
Cathode air
Cathode, Electrolyte, Anode
Fuel inlet
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Bolland
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
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Bolland
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
CO2 capture and storage
what are the possibilities?
N2
O2
Post combustion
Coal
Gas
Biomass
CO2
Separation
Power & Heat
Air
Coal
Gas
Biomass
Pre combustion
CO2
Air/O2
Steam
Gasification
Gas, Oil
CO2
H2
Reformer
+CO2 Sep
Power & Heat
N2 O 2
CO2
Compression
& Dehydration
Air
Oxyfuel
Coal
Gas
Biomass
Power & Heat
O2
Air
Air Separation
CO2
N2
Air/O2
Industrial
Coal
Gas
Processes
Biomass
Process +CO2 Sep.
Raw material
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Bolland
CO2
Source: Draft IPCC report
’CO2 capture and storage’
Gas, Ammonia, Steel
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
Membrane reforming reactor
Idea
CH4
Reformer
H2
CO
Shift
H2
CO2
CO2
capture
CO2
CH4
membrane H2
to
reactor
combustion
CO2
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Bolland
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
H2
Membrane reforming reactor
principle
Hot exhaust
Exhaust
high pressure
Feed:
CH4, H2O
Sweep gas
(H2O)
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Bolland
Heat transfer surface
Q
CH4+H2O  CO+3H2
CO+H2O  CO2+H2
permeate
Q
H2
low pressure
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
Hydrogen lean gas
out (H2O, CO2, CO,
CH4, H2)
Membrane
Sweep gas +
H2 (+CO2, CO,
CH4)
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Olav Bolland
Membrane reforming reactor
in a Combined Cycle with CO2capture
Products: Power and Hydrogen
800 °C
CO2/steam
turbine
Q
SF
67 bar
CO2 to
compression
MSR-H2
Condenser
H2
H2O
PRE
Exhaust
HRSG
H2 as
GT fuel
H2 for
external use
C
Condenser
1328 °C
ST
Air
Gas Turbine
Generator
NG
Source: Kvamsdal, Maurstad, Jordal, and Bolland, "Benchmarking of gas-turbine cycles with CO2 capture", GHGT-7, 2004
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Bolland
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
High-temperature membrane for
oxygen production
N2
Air
O2
Air
Compression
Air
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Bolland
Heat
exchange
N2
O2
Air
Cryogenic
Distillation
O
2
Oxygen
transport
Oxygen depleted air
membrane
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland
Membrane technology application in GT
with CO2 capture
Ion-transport membrane (O2) in reformer
H2 selective membrane in water/gas-shift reactor
WGS-H2
CO2, H2O
H2O
H2, H2O (GT fuel)
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H2, CO2
Air compressor
Compressor
Air
ITM-O2 with
partial oxidation
and methanesteam reforming
cooling
water
Bolland
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
Recycled
condensed
water
CH4, H2O
Steam for ITM-O2,
WGS-H2 (and possibly
a steam bottoming cycle)
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Olav Bolland
HRSG
CO, H2
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Gen.
Turbine
Exhaust
N2, O2, H2O, Ar
Thank you!
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Bolland
Gas Technology Center NTNU – SINTEF
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Olav Bolland