Transcript Chapter 8 Memory: Theories and Neurocognition

Chapter 8
Memory: Theories and
Neurocognition
c = category,
v/c = #vowel, # consonant
1. aluminum -- c
2. lion -- c
3. nylon -- v/c
4. spatula -- v/c
5. desk -- v/c
6. foot -- v/c
7. peach -- c
8. club -- v/c
9. vodka -- c
10. chisel -- v/c
11. swimming -- c
12. blouse -- c
13. clarinet -- c
14. eagle -- v/c
15. truck -- v/c
16. Judy -- c
17. polio -- v/c
18. purple -- c
Early Studies
• Ebbinghaus - wrote first to present
systematic studies of memory and forgetting
– nonsense syllables, forgetting curve
• James - Philosopher, physician,
psychologist whose dual-memory concept
served as the basis of modern theories of
memory.
– Primary (immediate) and secondary (indirect)
• Primary memory - similar to STM
• Secondary Memory - permanent memory,
LTM
• Ebbinghaus and James were ignored for 75
years, until emergence of cognitive psych.
Neurocognition of Memory
• Engram - memory trace
• Long-term potentiation - process by which
memories become permanent
– “enhanced” responding of nerve cells
repeatedly stimulated
• Cerebral cortex, cerebellum and
hippocampus involved in storage and
processing
Evidence for Two memory stores
• James’s dualistic theory
• Amnesia
• behavioral studies (like Ebbinghaus)
– primacy and recency effects
• Issue is STILL BEING DEBATED
Cognitive Storage Systems
• Table on p. 240
• lots of experiments led to this, but still make
an inferential jump
Models of Memory
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Waugh and Norman
Atkinson and Shiffrin
Level of Recall
Craik - Levels of Processing Model
Self-Reference Effect (SRE)
Tulving - Episodic and Semantic Memory
Connectionist (PDP) model
Work:
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Brief description
Diagram (if appropriate)
Research supporting the model
Advantages/Disadvantages with model