1820

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“We have a wolf by the ears and can neither hold him nor safely let him go

.” • Thomas Jefferson

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The Missouri question… is the most portentous one which ever yet threatened our union. In the gloomiest moment of the revolutionary war I never had any apprehensions equal to what I feel from this source

. ……. •Thomas Jefferson 1820

“I take it for granted that the present question is a mere preamble – a title page to a great, tragic volume.”

John Quincy Adams 1820

War of 1812 Basics

• Madison and the War Hawks • Impressments • Arming of the Indians (Tecumseh) – WHH • Failed invasion of Canada • Burning of DC • Defense of Ft. McHenry (Star Spangled Banner) • Treaty of Ghent • Battle of NO – AJ

Key Supreme Court Cases of the Early 1800s

• John Marshall – (Federalist / Nationalist) • Marbury v. Madison • Gibbons v. Ogden • McCullogh v. Maryland • Dartmouth v. Woodward • Worcester v. Georgia

The Era of Good Feelings up to Jackson

• Monroe and the New Nationalism • The Big 3 Congressional Leaders • The 2 nd Adams Presidency • The Rise of Jackson and Jacksonian Democracy

James Monroe

• Last of “founding fathers” • Last of “Virginia dynasty” • 1 st product of single party system • Reaped benefits of 1812 war • Napoleonic Wars v. the American Economy • Panic of 1819 • Monroe Doctrine / Border extension • Missouri Compromise

Missouri Compromise

• Slavery and the Constitution • Slavery and the Louisiana Purchase • Migration and the Panic of 1819 • Balance • Amendment • Maine • Compromise

Daniel Webster

• NH / MA • Supports Manufacture / Trade interests • Federalist leanings • Attorney before the Supreme Court

Henry Clay

• Kentucky • War Hawk • Nationalist • Presidential Ambitions • Speaker / Sec State • “The Great Compromiser” • Adams election

Clay and the American System

• Clay – The Great Compromiser • War Hawk, Senator, Sec State, Prez Candidate • Westerners – less sectional than others • Interstate Infrastructure Projects • The National Road

John Calhoun

• South Carolina • War Hawk • Early Nationalist / Later Sectionalist • Presidential aspirations • Driver of nullification / secession talk

Calhoun and States Rights

• War Hawk, Senator, Sec War, Vice Prez, Senator • Early Nationalist – Later Secessionist • Tariff of Abominations – Helps north, hurts south – Southerners feeling vulnerable • South Carolina Exposition • Nullification • Force Bill • States Rights – – VA / KY Resolutions – SC Exposition – Civil War

John Quincy Adams

• Brilliant as Sec. State • Nasty election in 1824 – “Corrupt Bargain” • Nationalism on grand scale • Refusal to obey whims of constituency • Political Suicide • Challenges to authority re: FL

Andrew Jackson

• Represents something new • Tennessee • 1812 Hero • Bitter from “Corrupt Bargain” • 1828 Election • Spoils System • Expand suffrage • “King Andrew”

The Era of Jackson

• Opposed Federal Money for local projects • Supported Interstate Projects • Pork Barrel • Calhoun and Nullification (re: tarriffs) • Jackson and States Rights • “Understanding you now, no further communication with you on this subject is necessary.”

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"John Marshall has made his decision, now let's see him enforce it,"

Jackson and Indian Removal

• 1830 Indian Removal Act • Cherokees adoption of American ways • Seminoles – military resistance • Cherokees – Legal resistance • Trail of Tears

Jackson and the Bank

• 2 nd 20yr charter to expire • Bank of US supporters claim bank = stability • Jackson claims bank is Undemocratic • Claims it makes rich richer + leads to foreign control • Vetoes renewal • Withdraws federal deposits • Concerns about inflation • Initial speculation boom leads to later Panic

Jacksonian Legacy

• Van Buren as successor – deals with Panic of 1837 • VB – Independent Treasury Act – eventually merges with Federal Reserve system • Whig party emerges • Increased democracy • Nominating conventions • Reform movements

Texas Independence • 1821 Mexican Independence • Mex gov encourages settlement of TX • Slavery?

• Rise of Santa Anna • War – Alamo, San Jacinto • Annexation by US?

– NO … till Polk – Will lead to war…

Politics After Jackson

• MVB – damaged by Panic of 1839 – The Little Magician – Like JQA – good policy guy, bad leader – Amistad Case • WHH – Elected in Hard Cider Campaign / Log Cabin Campaign – First Whig President – Old Tippecanoe / War Hero – 1 st to die in office (30 days) • John Tyler – “His Accidency” – First to ascend due to presidential death – Dem v. Whigs – Does little, eventually annexes TX as Lame Duck

Polk – The Dark Horse

• Champion of Manifest Destiny • 1 st Long Shot – “Dark Horse” Candidate • 54,40 or Fight! … (or not) • Spurs Mexican American War

The Mexican Cession

The Mexican War 1846-1848

• How’d it start?

• How’s it end?

• Notable people?

• Ramifications for Civil War • Monterrey, Buena Vista, Mexico City • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Compromise of 1850

• California ready for statehood (Gold Rush) • Fugitive Slave Act • Popular Sovereignty

Post 1850 Politics

• Prez - Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanon • End of Whigs • Flourish of Know Nothings (1840s) • Start of Republicans (Fremont 1856) • Cong – Douglas, Lincoln, Sumner, Brooks, Hammond, Davis • Rapidly increasing tension – Uncle Tom, Bleeding KS, JB, Dred Scott, JB again