Transcript UNIT 5

THE DEPRESSION ERA
BY: Stephanie Sciturro-Smith
 Important

occurrences in the 1930’s:
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment- (1932-1972)
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Tuskegee, Alabama
Wanted to see long symptoms/ effects
We have a cure but do not give it to them
399 black men with syphilis choosen for this study
Told they had “bad blood”
Government said they would monitor their health
and give them care
Over 40 years they died off, given no treatment ,
besides a nurse visiting
Some nurses and doctors were black themselves
We apologized to the eight not dead under
President Clinton (1997)
 Scottsboro Boys- (March 1931)
 Scottsboro, Alabama
 Riding the rails (illegally jumped on trains); because
homeless and unemployed
 9 black men and 2 white women
 They start talking to each other; share alcohol
 Cops find them so to cover up for riding the rails they say
they were raped by the black men
 Black men get charged for raping these women
 NAACP and Communist Party get involved
 Doesn’t end for six years
 Some are sentenced to 20, 99, and 75 years
 Charges dropped on 4 of them
 One death sentence reduced to life in prison
 By the 1950’s all of them are found not guilty and
released
 In
1939 one of the most famous opera singers
was barred from singing in the constitution
hall because she was black ( Marian
Anderson)
 Eleanor Roosevelt ( first lady), quits this
organization, because they won’t let that
women sing, so she sets up for her to sing at
the Lincoln memorial steps
 Causes
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of the Depression:
Buying more, but on credit
No social security / No unemployment options
Too much inventory in businesses
Labor units could not help/govt. stops strikes
Produce more than people were buying
Stock market crash
Banks were not well managed and speculated with
citizens money
Stocks not regulated
Farming crisis- over production, credit, spent too
much on technology
 Definitions:
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Hooverville- the nickname given to shantytowns in the United States during the
Depression
Bonus Army- A group of veterans that made a month long march to Washington
to lobby Congress to get their bonus early / denied
Dust bowl- the name given to the area of the southern Great Plains severely
damaged by droughts and dust storms during the 1930’s
Brain Trust- It was Roosevelt’s advisers who were experts in their fields
Margin Buying- The buying of stocks only by paying a fraction of the price and
borrowing the rest
The New Deal- Roosevelt’s policies for ending the Depression – Relief, recovery,
and reform
Speculation- The act of buying stocks at great risk with the anticipation that the
prices will rise
Black Tuesday- The day of October 29th, 1929; when the stock market took the
steepest drive ever
Hobos- People who were homeless, that wonder around the country in search for
a better life and better opportunities
Riding the Rails- Sneaking past railroad police to slip into open box cars on
freight trains for a ride to another place
 Stock
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market helps Trigger Depression:
Bull market encouraged widespread speculation.
Many investors bought stocks on margin.
Sharp drop in market prices left investors in
debt.
Bank closings left many in debt.
 Underlying
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causes of Great Depression:
Overproduction and low interest rates
Uneven distribution of income, which led to low
demand
Depressed farm sector
Weak international market with high tariffs
•
Downward Momentum of the Depression:

Low Sales
 Job Layoffs
 Less Income
 Fewer Purchases
 More Job Layoffs
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Financial and Debt:
Emergency Banking Relief Act regulated banks.
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation insured bank
deposits.
 Farm Credit Administration refinanced farm
mortgages.
 Home Owners’ Loan Corporation financed
homeowners’ mortgages.
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Work and Relief:
Civilian Conservation Corps created forestry jobs for
young men.
 Federal Emergency Relief Administration funded city
and state relief programs.
 Public Works Administration created work programs to
build public projects, such as roads, bridges, and
schools.
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Agriculture and Industry:
Agricultural Adjustment Administration paid farmers
to limit surplus production.
 National Industrial Recovery Act limited industrial
production and set prices.
 National Labor Relations Act gave workers the right
to organize unions and bargain collectively.
 Tennessee Valley Authority financed rural
electrification and helped develop the economy of a
seven-state region.
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Social “Safety Net”:
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Social Security Act provided:
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– income for elderly, handicapped, and unemployed.
– monthly retirement benefit for people over 65
Agency
Established
Function
Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC)
March 1933
Employed single men, ages 18- 25,
for natural resource conservation
Tennessee Valley Authority
(TVA)
May 1933
Built hydroelectric plants and dams
aimed at improving seven southern
states and attracting industry to
the south
Agricultural Adjustment Act
(AAA)
May 1933
Reduced agricultural surplus and
raised prices for struggling farmers
Federal Emergency Relief
Agency (FERA)
May 1933
Granted federal money to state
and local governments to be used
to help unemployed
National Recovery
Administration (NRA)
June 1933
Controlled industrial production
and prices with industry- created
codes of fair competition
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDRA)
June 1933
Guaranteed bank deposits up to
$2,500
Public Works Administration
(PWA)
Civil Works Administration
(CWA)
June 1933
November 1933
(Canceled 1934)
Provided employment in
construction of airports, parks
schools, and roads
Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC)
June 1934
Regulated the stock market to
avoid dishonest practices

1. At ten years of age, the young Amelia Earhart saw her first
plane, which did not interest her at all, because it was not in
good shape.
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2. Almost ten years later, when she attended a stunt flying
exhibition, was the day she became interesting in flying.
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3. A pilot by the name of Frank Hawks gave Amelia her first plane
ride, where she instantly knew that she had to fly.
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4. She was tom boy, who always liked a challange and she did
things not many women would do. Including climbing different
trees and shooting rats with a rifle.
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5. She took her first flying lesson after graduating form Hyde Park
University and being a nurse aide for the military.
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6. Being a nurse aid helped her raise enough money to buy her
first plane, which she decided to name Canary.
7. She set her first record by flying up 14,000 feet in that plane.
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8. She received a phone call from a stranger, which she thought
was a prank, but she was asked if she wanted to be the first
women to fly over the Atlantic, but it would not happen till years
later.
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9. There was a challenge to the flight though because three
women who tried died.
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10. She worked on secret plans on how she would fly over the
Atlantic and five years to the day after Charles Lindbergh flew,
she took off.
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11. The weather was so icy and bad that it caused problems and
it forced her to immediately land.
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12. The news spread globally and Earhart was given many
awards for her intelligence, speed, daringness, and
coordination.
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13. Her main goal to cross the Atlantic got pushed further
and further back, but in the mean time she claimed more
records such as being the first women to cross the pacific
from Hawaii to California
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14. She made many attempts to make her goal but something
always went wrong such as damaging her plane; but she was not
one to give up and her her newest goal was to be the first women
to fly around the world.
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15. Two U.S. ships burned every light on board for markers to
light the way for her plane because the island was hard to locate
because of its small size.
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16. When she landed in New Guinea and she was to leave for the
island of Lae she decided to empty out any unneeded material in
order to make room for extra fuel that was needed to make it to Lae.
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17. ITASCA radioed her but she could not hear the messages, and
ITASCA never heard back from her and they assumed she had died
because her plane was low on fuel.
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18. A light house, many streets, schools, and airports are named after
her.
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19. Her awards and scholarships are given out every year.
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20. She may of not died on that day many say, but if so, she will
always be in the peoples memories for her achievements as women of
aviation.
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The Earhart Family."Amelia Earhart". The Official Website. Retrieved 28
November
2009.<http://www.ameliaearhart.com/about/bio.html>.
1. _____was the nickname given to shantytowns in the United States during the Depression?
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A) Smallville
 B) Hoover Village
 C) Hoover Town
 D) Hooverville (Correct)
2. What were three causes of the Depression?
A) Taxes, no security, and disease
 B) The President, war, and no food
 C) People were buying more, labor unions were not helping, and the stock market
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crash (Correct)
 D) None of the Above
3. Who was the women who wasn't allowed to sing in the constitution hall?
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A) Eleanor Roosevelt
 B) Marian Anderson (Correct)
 C) Aretha Franklin
 D) Susan B. Anthony
4. How long did the Scottsboro boys trial last?
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A) 6 years (Correct)
 B) 4 days
 C)2 years
 D) There was never a trial
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5. How did the Stock market help trigger the Depression?
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A) It made everyone rich
B) Banks closed leaving many in debt
C) Bull market encouraged widespread speculation
D) Both B and C (Correct)
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6. _____ was Roosevelt and his Advisers?
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A) Brain guild
B) Trust Fund
C) Brain Trust (Correct)
D) None of the above
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7. Who rode the rails in March of 1931, and ended up put on trial for rape?
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A) Scottsboro brothers
B) Scottsboro boys (Correct)
C) Scotts boys
D) Smithsboro boys
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8. On what day did the Stock market take a fall?
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A) October 29th, 1929
B) Black Tuesday
C) Black Friday
D) Both A and B (Correct)
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9. Who was the first women to fly an airplane across the atlantic Ocean?
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A) Amelia Earhart (Correct)
B) Bessie Coleman
C) Mary McLeod Bethune
D) None of the above
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10. _____killed 391 black men from 1932 to 1972?
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A) Stock market crash
B) Jaundice Experiment
C) Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment (Correct)
D) War
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11. What was the function of the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)?
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A) To regulate the stock market to avoid dishonest practices
B) They employed single men, ages 18-25, for natural resource conservation
(Correct)
C) They guaranteed bank deposits up to $ 2, 500 dollars
D) None of the above
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12. _____served as an ambulance driver in Italy during WW1, and was a conceptual writer of the
era?
A) Edward Hopper
B) Teddy Roosevelt
C) William Faulkner
D) Ernest Hemingway (Correct)
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13. ______ suspended the antitrust laws and allowed business, labor, and government to cooperate
in setting up voluntary rules for each industry?
A) National Industrial Recovery Act (Correct)
B)Agricultural Adjustment Administration
C) Public Works Administration
D) Civil Works Administration
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14. _____ bought mortgages of many homeowners who were behind in their
payment, and provided debt relief?
A) Farm Credit Administration
B) Public Works Administration
C) Home Owners' Loan Corporation (Correct)
D) None of the above
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15. What was the purpose of the American Liberty League?
A) To organize opposition to the New Deal
B) To "teach the necessity of respect for the rights of person and property"
C) To pay for Roosevelt's programs
D) Both A and B (Correct)
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16. _____ became law in August 1935, to provide some security for the elderly and
for unemployed workers?
A) Bonding arbitration
B) Social Security Act (Correct)
C) Deficit spending
D) None of the above
17. _____ is sneaking past railroad police to slip into open box cars on freight trains for a ride to
another place?
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A) Riding the trains
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B) Train hopping
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C) Riding the rails (Correct)
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D) Box car traveling
18. _____were people who were homeless, that wonder around the country in search for a better life
and better opportunities?
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A) Hobos (Correct)
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B) Homeless
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C) Poor class
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D) Slaves
19. What were three things that were produced in this time period?
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A) Boats, Trains, Bikes
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B) The Model-T, Airplanes, Radio (Correct)
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C) Trains, Banks, Scooters
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D) None of the above
20. Who was Bessie Coleman?
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A) A women of the National Women's Party
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B) She was the first African American women to become a stunt pilot
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C) She was the first African American women to receive a pilots license
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D) Both B and C
 Factors
that led to the new consumer society
in the U.S. during the 1920’s were?
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Higher wages, shorter work days, easy consumer credit, in which they
could borrow and go in to debt to buy new consumer goods.
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Also the mass advertising that showed off manufactures inventions
because they created appealing, persuasive messages that linked their
clients’ products with qualities associated with the modern era.
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Another was the managerial revolution when many industries had begun
to create modern organizational structures such as sales, accounting, and
operations.
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Then there was the welfare capitalism where middle-class Americans
were not the only members of the new consumer society.
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Companies allowed workers to buy stock, participate in profit sharing,
and receive benefits such as medical care and pensions.
 How
did the automobile impact American
society?
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It gave many middle-class Americans reliable cars.
They made it easier to transport things to someplace.
It opened the opportunities to open gas stations and garages.
It also eased isolation of rural life, putting towns with in reach of many
farmers and also the country side was closer for city people.
They enabled workers to live farther from there work.
 How
did the U.S. government help spur the
growth of the airline industry?
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They inspired Americans to go up in the air.
They were used for joy rides and then as a transportation for mail.
It was a way to get to a distant place faster.
Government built airports
Radio
Automobile
Consumer
goods
 What
were the efforts the U.S made to
promote permanent peace and worldwide
economic recovery?
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The four-power treaty, which stated that the U.S., Great Britain, France,
and Japan all agreed to respect the others territory in the Pacific and
full, and open negotiations in the event of disagreements, which failed
because the mutual defense of other cosigners not specified.
Another was the five-power treaty between U.S., Great Britain, France,
Japan, and Italy, which signed to all agree to freeze naval production at
1921 levels and to halt production of large warships for ten years. Also
the U.S. and Great Britain would not build new naval bases in the
Western Pacific. Only problem was that there were no restrictions on the
construction of smaller battle craft such as submarines and naval
destroyers. Also it did not place restrictions on the ground forces.
The nine-power treaty, which involved the U.S., Great Britain, France,
Japan, Italy, Belgium, China, the Netherlands, and Portugal, where they
all agreed to preserve equal commercial rights to China, a restriction of
the “ open door policy”.
 Kellogg-Briand
Pact – signers would renounce
war as a national policy
 Dawes Plan – to help restructure Germany’s
debt from WWI
 Mellon Plan – trimming government spending
 Lend-Lease – trading naval bases for
destroyers
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How were politics back then verse how politics
are now?
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Back then politics seemed more laid back and less
structured than today tight structured politics. They
are also meeting outside and if that were to happen
today it would be dangerous because someone would
most likely be assassinated. Also in the picture on of
the men looks like he is laughing and today politics
would not be a laughing matter but a series thing.
Also now days there would be more people and more
paparazzi then back then, because of the growing
population and update in technology need for
cameras and such.
Republican presidents in the 1920's
 - Hardy, Coolidge, and Hoover were all one term
presidents
 - They all believe in Laissez- Faire; which is no
government regulation of industry or markets,
government does not assist individuals
 - All three presidents are classic republican
idealists
 - They believe that the government should
protect you from the foreign government
 - Pure capitalists; business should govern
themselves /no govt. regulation
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 Hoover
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- Elected for 4 year term
- His Father who was a Quaker dies and also his mother dies; there
children were split up and Hoover ends up with his uncle.
- He earns a degree from Stanford as a civil engineer, then travels
building airports, bridges and more
- While traveling he sees different tragedies including floods in Russia
- While in England during WW1 he hears of starving orphans, which
immediately he tries to get every orphan out of Europe
- While in Mississippi there is a flood and he takes own time, money, and
attention to take care of things
- When he becomes president everything changes and he does nothing to
give relief to the people starving and job less
- Why isn't he a president that says the government needs to help the
people?
-They have the opportunity but do not take it, because he is republican
and he believes that everyone should take care of themselves or there
family should take care of them
- He does try to assist some what, but by the time he does it's to late
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- Bonus Army: In 1924 WWI veterans get promised that they
would get a bonus, but have to wait for it until 1945. In 1932
group of veterans ask for their bonus, but congress tells them no,
which leads to the pleading of there case in Washington. Hoover
called to move them, which was heartless of him and it lead to
the physical moving of the veterans by the army/ several injured
- The Dust Bowl: 2.5 million moved out of the Midwest ( called
okies because they were from Oklahoma; They were poor, dusty,
and had their stuff all tied to their car; The communities which
they passed through were unfriendly as they looked for work,
ended up in California picking crops). It affected 100 million
acres of land. Many places were in a drought for forty years; The
drought was caused because it was too dry. One dust storm took
down five hundred and forty-six houses. People didn't know
where to go from there. The Midwest long period drought was
caused by:
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- Being a dry place with periodic droughts/fragile environment
- We over planted from WW1 farm demands, and we increased the
farm land
- They bought new technology on credit and more land
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Franklin Delano Roosevelt
- Serves four terms as president, but dies after
thirteen years in office
- After he dies we create the 22nd amendment
- He is a democrat and believes that welfare for
individuals who is in need, regulation of industry, and
government control of the economy
- He has a disease called polio that he got in his early
forties when he was sailing. They told him that he
would never walk or sit up again.
- He had an assistant the moved him from one place
to another, but there was never a picture of him /no
awkward pictures because he couldn't walk.
- He married his fifth cousin Eleanor Roosevelt
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The New deal- the program of Roosevelt to solve the depression through relief, recovery,
and reform
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Relief- to immediately feed and put people to work for a pay check
 Would give you a job so you could get paid and be proud of yourself
 Gave jobs to people with skills, many jobs given were ridiculous
 Public Works- Benefits Americans

Recovery- to make sure the national economy gets better
 Bank Holiday: So many banks had failed, that he asked every bank in the
country to close for three days, at the end only those who thought they
had enough money to re open, opened again. It was to stop the run on
banks ( on one day everyone tried to get their money out, it was not there,
tell everyone they want their money that is owed)
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
•
In 1932 banks failed a month
1 in 4 businesses went bankrupt
1 in 4 farmers had lost their farm by 1933
In 1932 88 businesses failed a day in the U. S.
Earnings fell from 25 dollars to 17 dollars a week-1932
In NY 500 jobs opened up , and 5,000 people stood in line for it
Reform- regulations placed so this will never happen again
Reform banking, social security, unemployment insurance, FDIC, stock market
 Depression
from 1929- 1941
No solution, or specific action to solve it, but
WW2 employed everybody
 Hoover and Roosevelt were complete opposites
 This was the first time the government stepped
in to help people with their daily lives
 In Chicago teachers were not paid for 2 years
 No benefits
 Slept in coffins and on the streets
 Killed themselves instead of starving
 No food
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 The
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Roosevelt uncharacteristically passes many
acts and executive actions
 The

Hundred Days
Black Cabinet
A group of African American advisors to assist
the president to make sure that African
Americans were taken care of
 Packing

the court-
Roosevelt’s plan to add extra justices for every
judge over 70. never happened but it stopped
the court from declaring so much legislation
unconstitutional
 Fireside
Chats- informal conversations on the
radio by the president to tell the American
people to not worry, everything will be
alright
 Father
Coughlin- radio priest who disliked
Roosevelt
 Huey Long – La. Senator who was very
popular who wanted a “share our wealth”
plan
 Dr. Francis Townshend – pay elderly $200 a
month and they would spend it and stimulate
the economy
 CIO
– Congress of Industrial Organizations
founded in 1938 organized industrial workers
who were unskilled
 NLRA- called the Wagner Act guaranteed
workers the right to organize and collective
bargaining
 Government discouraged strikes / sit down
strike at General Motors new type of strike/
violence and GM recognized the union
 Major industries such as steel allowed unions
 Eleanor
Roosevelt – 1st lady and worked for
rights for coal miners, African Americans,
and international peace (1st ambassador to
UN)
 Mary McLeod Bethune – improved education ,
presidential advisor, and Bethune Cookman
University
 Francis Perkins – 1st woman in Cabinet Dept.
Of Labor/ social worker, designed Soc.
Security & Fair Labor Standards
 Bessie Coleman and Amelia Earhart – 1st
women flyers
 Dorothea
Lange – photographed the
Depression, esp. Dust Bowl / gave the
Depression a face
 Appleby.J.,Brinkley.A.,Broussard.A.,
McPherson.J.,& Richie.D.(2005)The
American Vision. New York,NY. The
McGraw-Hill.
 Dr. Crihfield.”Public Lectures”. Retrieved the
weeks November 2009 to December 2009.
 Ashley, Profit. “Lecture on Hoover and
Roosevelt from Dr. Crihfield”. Retrieved
December 2009.
(reworded it a little).