Transcript Slide 1

Globalization and challenges to
secondary education
Dr.Y.Josephine
[email protected]
1
What is Globalisation
• The term globalisation means free trade
and free movement of all factors of
production including labour
2
The globalisation process in India during the
past
Ancient period Globalisation
• Economic factors that
led to the country's
economic prosperity
• References available
from Jatakas and
other texts.
• Evidences are also
based on discovery of
Indian articles
• The time of Buddha (3rd
century B. C.) Indian
sailors could go to lands
now called Myanmar,
Malaysia, Philippines,
Indonesia, Laos, Vietnam,
Campuchea in the east
and Sri Lanka in the
South
• Mauryan policy of
friendship with the world
3
In the early centuries of the
Christian era
• spices, perfumes, jewels and fine textiles (Muslim
countries)
• ivory (both raw and finished), sugar, rice, ghee,
Indian iron (for its purity,
• live animals (buffuloes, lions, tigers, elephants (for
the wild beast shows of Rome and other Roman
provincial capitals) and monkeys) and birds (parrots,
peacocks, pheasants etc. for being used as pets of
Roman ladies) etc. Both land and sea trade flourished
at that time.
4
First millennium -Globalization Process
• India took a leading and pioneer role
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The expansion of India's Globalisation
process in the East Asia during Gupta era
(240-495 A.D)
• India's international trade connections
reached its peak
6
Decline of Indian Globalisation
 Decline since the 8th century A.D. and
became insignificant in the course of next
three hundred years.
7
Reasons
• Due to low technology
• Inability to protect her trading
infrastructure from foreign invaders which
resulted in plunder and destruction etc.it
was disastrous during middle age
8
20th century globalisation in India
• started since-1985
• continuing till now with varying degree
of pace in its successive phases (198591, 1991-95, 1995-2005) and is expected
to continue
9
Background for the Present
Globalisation in India
1. Economic Crisis in India
1. Political Imbalances
2. Gulf Crisis
Higher
Import
Bill
Loss of
Export Market
Impact on
1. International Credits
2. International Market
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As a Result
1. India near to default in July 1991.
a) Widespread Shortage of essential
imported Commodities
b) Cut Back on Industrial Output
c) Inflation
d) Unable to pay the maintenance cost
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Corrective steps taken
• To obtain foreign loans India had to abide by
the stringent conditionalities imposed by the
World Bank and the IMF.
• This resulted in the adoption of completely
different types of economic policies in 1991
which are now well known as 'economic
reforms'.
12
Emergence of LPG or SAPs or
Reforms
• This phase of globalisation for India as the
Economic Reforms policies consisted of
LPG strategies viz, Liberalisation,
Privatisation and Globalisation
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These Reforms are
1. Liberalization of foreign Exchange
2. Devaluation
Increase of
Indirect Taxes
Cuts in spending
Reduction in Govt
Expenditure
Cut on Social Sector
Cut on Education
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Sectors where Globalisation/Economic
Reforms entered
1. Education Sector- Privatization, Privatization of
Higher education,Internationalization of
education
2. Linguistic, cultural & ideology convergenceEmergence of Foreign language
centers,international brands promotion etc.
3. Finance sector-Foreign Credits Availability ex
CitiBank etc
4. Communication & Information Technology
sector- Private Channels ,Mobile
Phones,Computer , internet etc.
5. International movement of people-Liberal policy
in Passport issues,visa etc.
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6. Business sector-World system of signs & images
Countries –Failure
1. Zaire-Africa
2. Mali-Africa
3. Nigeria-Africa
4. Niger-Africa
5. Sierra-Africa
6. Leone-Africa
7. Zambia Africa
8. Peru-South America
9. Madagascar-Africa
10. Bolivia-South America
11. Ethiopia-Africa
12. Mauritina -Africa
Countries-successful
1. Korea-Asia
2. Hongkong-Asia
3. Singapore-Asia
4. Malaysia-Asia
5. China-Asia
6. Thailand-Asia
7. Indonesia-Asia
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Asian Countries which are
Globalising
1.
2.
3.
4.
India
Bangladesh
Philippines
Pakisthan
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World Experiences
Failures after
Globalization
1. Reduced
attendance in the
School
2. Fees introduced at
Primary level
3. Skilled manpower
migration(Brain
Drain)
4. High
opportunity
cost
Success after
Globalization
1. Income increased
2. Resources
from
other
sources
increased
3. Rise
in
human
development
4. High
Domestic
savings. (25% in
Education)
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Changes in the system of Education in India
Conventional
System(Usual)
1. Welfare Approach
2. Public Higher
Education
3. Public Financing
4. Private: State
Financed Institutions.
5. Private: Government
Recognised
Institutions
6. Private: Degree
awarding Institutions
Emerging System
1. Market Approach
2. Mixed and Private
Higher Education
3. Private Financing
4. Private: Self Financing
Institutions
5. Private Institutions
requiring no
Government
recognition
6. Private: Non-Degree
(Diploma/ Certificate)
awarding Institutions
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Contd..
•
Conventional
System(Usual)
7. Private: Philanthropy
and educational
Considerations
8. No Fees
9. Low Levels of Fees
10. No Student Loans
11. Commercially
Ineffective Loan
Programmes -- no
security
12. High default rates
•
Emerging System
7. Private: commercial
motives; profit
motives
8. Introduction of Fees
9. High Levels of Fees
10.Introduction of
Student Loan
Programmes
11.Effective/Commercial
ly Viable Loan
Programmes:
security/mortgage
12.Expected high
recovery rates
20
Contd..
14.Emergence of
many Academic
Disciplines
15.Emphasis on
lifelong Education
16.Increasing
pressure on Role of
the Heads of
Institutions on
ethics and
accountability
14. SelfFinancing/Commercial
ly viable/profitable
disciplines of study
15. Open/Distance/PartTime Education
16.Academic
leadership , Money
Management; and
in Resource
Generation
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The paradigm shift in school educationTension points to schools
• Hybridization focusing on –
• the content and process of education
• system of evaluation of the outcomes of
learning through moderation
• standardization, and certification.
• knowledge-divide,
• social divide, and
• an urban-rural divide
The GATS gateway
• The emergence of GATS has opened yet
another threshold for global competition and
partnership
The Globetrotters
• global level school education providers
• (like International Baccqualarate -IB, GCSE, Australian school educational
system, and the German mode) designing an updated
educational edifice
• already designed and entered to cater to the
local Indian educational requirements
Specific Tension points to school system
1. Mismatch between Global needs and local production
2. Traditional set ups and demand for modernity
3. Fulfilling the national goal of Equality of opportunity and
facing the competition
4.
Extraordinary expansion of knowledge and slow
progress in Teacher/principals up gradation
Of know-5. Emergence of WTO and GATS and Changes in the
demand of education
25
Contd..
6. Demand for new skills,
7. Demand for new knowledge,
8. Demand for new emotional strength
10. Change in the demand in employment
global demands for global education
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Demands -Skill Level Changes
Skilled
Unskilled
20%
15%
Unskilled
60%
Professional
20%
1970
7/18/2015
Professional
20%
Skilled
65%
2007
11/28/07
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Present education scenario of India
1.
4. 6% are the ones that cross the 10+2 stage,
2.
8% in higher education
3.
degree which may not be very relevant in today's
4.
context for the sake of employment generation 5. 72% of
all graduates from the 15,000 colleges are Arts graduates..
Balance 2.28% -From Science, Commerce, Engineering,
I. T., Medical,Law, Management and special subjects.
5.
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Current employment situation
• Of all new employment generated,
1% are Government jobs,
• 2% are in the ‘organized sector’ and
the balance
• 97% in the' unorganized sector’
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we need to concentrate on the balance 97% of the Economy & Enterprise
• I.T. & Software India's present share is
about 3%.
• For rapid economic growth and
employment generation we need to
concentrate on the balance 97% of the
Economy & Enterprise and make it world
class.
India's internal problems
• 71% or 770 million people are below 35 years of age.
• 2. 29 million people are born every year,
• 3. 94% drop out rate of children between
kindergarten and 10+2
•
www.wakeupcall.org
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India as the world see
• Powered with more Young population
• English Language power
• Moving from identity of Snake charmers to
mouse movers
• World leaders acknowledges India’s rise ---visits
from leaders and officials from the United
States, France, Germany and Russia have
spotlighted.
• wealthier nations see India as trading partner
with enormous potential7/18/2015
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• Graduates of the nation’s business programs are in
high demand among multinational corporations,
• Those who complete MBA degrees at schools such as
starting salaries ranging from $75,000 (USD) at
Indian firms to over $200,000 outside the country.
• This is comparable to graduates of top American
business schools such as Harvard, Stanford
Future agenda
or Goals for school education
Improving Secondary Education in
India : Finding Complementarities
with International Standards
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1. Prepare younger generation with new
knowledge,
2. renewed skills for understanding technical
know- how,
3. sharpening competencies necessary for human
and economic development
4. Redesigning methodology of educational
teaching process,
5. Balancing Vocational and Academic
Education6. Emphasizing Knowledge and Cognitive
Skills or Behavioral and Life Skills7. Designing Systems for Mass or Selective
Education·
8. Building Better Curriculum Models
9. Designing integrated and interdisciplinary
courses
10. Terminal education
to lifelong learning
11. Information-based learning systems to
application knowledge
12. learning
to analysis and synthesis
13. Memorisation
to critical thinking
14. Learning things just in case they may be useful
to a time learning system that promotes
16. A directive based system to an initiative based
system
17. A highly centralized system to a devolving
system
18. Supply driven vocational courses to demandoriented courses
Impart education suits Jobs for the
21st Century
Funding to initiate or expand
activities that help meet the goals of
the new Jobs for the 21st Century
initiative by ensuring that all students
are prepared to succeed in
postsecondary education and the
workforce.
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Skills oriented education for 21st Century
Workforce
 Knowledge about Human behavior Aspects
 Development of Multiple intelligence
 Critical Thinking: Creative Thinking









Decision-Making
Problem Solving
Interpersonal Relationship
Effective Communication
Coping with Emotions
Coping with Stress
Self-Awareness
Empathy
high value on
 Verbal & written communications
 Math
 Computer expertise
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Need for vocational education
• While 95% of the world youth between 15 to 35
years of age learn a vocation, a skill or a
trade, with a choice of 2500 vocational education
• & training (VET) programs, in 15,000 modules,
• we in India have only identified about 97 courses
• after 58 years of Independence and hardly 2% of the
population goes for formal VET training!
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Plan to face WTO.
• New technologies for anytime, anywhere learning..
• Focus on the consumer Education which is a means
to a livelihood.
• Syllabuses and curriculums must understand the
future needs of the industrial and service sectors.
• Higher education institutions must engage with
industry.
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Revise school syllabus
all school examination boards should revise
their syllabus to test research, analysis,
memory, comprehension and expression
capabilities of students.
• There is urgent need to develop innovative
curricula,
• Most foreign boards provide flexibility in
curriculum through wide range of subjects
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modern teaching methods
• practice modern teaching methods, and
• generate competitive academic culture for
which an enabling framework of governance is
needed.
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Modern evaluation methods
• Student friendly evaluation
• open choice frame work
• Move beyond the textbooks syndrome
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