Transcript CARBON - Regional School District 17

CARBON
Structure , Bonds and Molecules
HYDROCARBONS
Compounds that contain the
elements HYDROGEN AND
CARBON
Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONS
As you add more
carbon to the
hydrocarbon, the
molecule becomes
heavier and
properties change.
Name
Molecular
Formula
Molecular
Mass
Melting
Point
(oC)
Boiling
Point (oC)
State
methane
CH4
16
-182
-162
gas
natural
gas (fuel)
ethane
C2H6
30
-183
-88.6
gas
natural
gas (fuel)
gas
Liquefied
petroleum
gas (LPG),
bottled
gas (fuel)
liquefied
petroleum
gas (LPG),
cigarette
lighters
(fuel)
propane
C3H8
44
-188
-42.1
Density
Uses
butane
C4H10
58
-138
-0.5
gas
pentane
C5H12
72
-130
36.1
liquid
0.626
petrol
(fuel)
hexane
C6H14
86
-95.3
68.7
liquid
0.659
petrol
(fuel)
decane
C10H22
142
-30
174
liquid
0.730
petrol
(fuel)
0.775
diesel fuel
& heating
oil
hexadecane
C16H34
226
18.5
288
liquid
eicosane
C20H42
282
36
343
solid
Organic Molecules: HYDROCARBONS
How do we separate the different weights so we can use them?
Fractional distillation.
http://science.howstuffworks.com/oil-refining4.htm
VIDEO – REAL PLAYER
Organic Molecules:
Hydrocarbons
How do we use MANY hydrocarbons?
COMBUSTION
 Burning coal:
C + O2  CO2
 Burning natural gas:
CH4 + 2O2  CO2 +
2H2O
 Burning gasoline:
2C8H18 + 25O2  16CO2 +
18H20
Incomplete combustion creates CO (carbon
monoxide) instead of CO2
Organic Molecules:
Hydrocarbons
ALL COMPLETE combustion creates CO2, which
makes rain slightly acidic
CO2 + H2O  H2CO3 (Carbonic acid)
BUT, often times fossil fuels contain NITROGEN
AND SULFUR.
When they are burned, they combine with water and
create ACID RAIN.
Combustion of gasoline creates NO2
NO2 + H2O  H2NO3 (Nitric acid)
OTHER USES OF
CARBON-BASED COMPOUNDS
Polymers
Carbon-based compounds
Polymers
Carbon-based compounds
TAKE A GUESS (INFER):

How does JELLO (a powdery, carbon-based
compound) become a solid?
How does your body produce hair, muscle and skin?

How can they make a solid plastic out of liquid
petroleum, or rubber out of liquid sap?
1.

MOLECULES OF LIFE
We are all CBLF’s (carbon-based life
forms)
•CARBON CAN FORM AN INCREDIBLE
VARIETY OF MOLECULES!!!
BASIC STRUCTURAL
FEATURES:
A. MULTIPLE BONDS
•SINGLE BONDS: -ane
•DOUBLE BONDS: - ene
•TRIPLE BONDS: -yne
B. STRAIGHT OR BRANCHED CHA
C. ISOMERS
D. RINGS Aromatics
Each corner represents a carbon atom.
Ring size can vary from three to eight.
POLYMERS

Carbon atoms can bond to one another in Polyethylen
e
chains to form a variety of structures,
including fossil fuels such as coal, synthetic
polymers such as plastics, and the large
molecules of life, such as proteins and lipids.
Lipid
Molecular structure of Coal
All of this allows Carbon to create:
GIANT MOLECULES called POLYMERS
100’s to 1000’s of smaller molecules
joined together.
Polymers ARE CHAINS OF Monomers
joined together.
monome
r
polyme
r
POLYMERS (the whole train) are made out of
MONOMERS (individual cars of the train) joined
together.
Polymers


Polymerization: When carbon molecules
combine into long chains.
HOW: This happens when a carbon to carbon
double bond in a monomer is broken and new
single bonds are formed creating a polymer.
http://www.tvo.org/iqm/plastic/animations.html#
Polymers

Polymerization of polypropylene (propene).
Polymers
Polymerization: (of polyethylene)
Polymers
Polymerization: (of nylon)
Polymers
Three main shapes of polymers are formed:
A. STRAIGHT CHAINS (Linear)
B.
BRANCHED CHAINS
C.
CROSS-LINKED CHAINS
Polymers
NOT ALL POLYMER FORMING REACTIONS
CAN GO BY THEMSELVES.
Catalyst: A chemical substance that STARTS or
INCREASES the rate of a reaction without
being used in the polymer.
http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/mechism/polvincl.htm
Polymers
Catalyst: A chemical substance that
increases the rate of a reaction without
being consumed.
Carbon Polymers - Review
1.
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4.
Polymers are carbon atoms bonded to one
another in straight, branched or cross-linked
chains
3 TYPES carbon-based compounds: fossil
fuels, synthetic polymers, and biopolymers
Polymers are formed through a process called
polymerization
Catalyst: STARTS or INCREASES the rate of
the reaction without being used up
Carbon Polymers - Journal
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5.
Define “polymer”. Define “monomer”.
Name the 3 main types of carbon-based
compounds and give an example of each
Draw the structural formula for the monomer
“ethylene” and part of the structural formula for
the polymer “polyethylene”
Define polymerization
What is a “Catalyst”? (use your resources)
Carbon Polymers - Journal
Write down the name, and some of the
properties of the plastic on your desk.
Quick draw an image of both the monomer and
polymer of ethylene.
Re-Read the Polymer Lab Sheet from the back
of the room.
Choose which test (tensile, abrasion, puncture)
that you would want to run, and begin filling
out the back of the sheet.
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