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Newcastle Yacht Club
Navigation Info Session
Saturday, January 29, 2011
Bart Bies
Brian Brennan
Harvey Ostrander
http://www.newcastleyachtclub.com
Introduction
Welcome
Introductions
Washrooms
Formal Presentation
Break
Real World Examples
Informal Questions and Answers
Hopefully go for 3 hours (to 4pm)
Navigation Info Session
2
Agenda
Navigation Theory
Navigation Tools
Skills
– Reading Lat/Long from chart
– Plotting a course
– Ded Reckoning
– Fixing a position
– Calculating Distance, Speed, and Time
Real Word Examples:
– Sail Boat leaving Newcastle for Cobourg
– Power Boat leaving Cobourg
•
Course to avoid Peter’s Rock
– Sail Boat leaving Cobourg
•
Determining when to tack
Navigation Info Session
3
Latitude
Angular distance from the equator
Place on earth North or South of the equator
Equator is 0°, North Pole is 90°
They run horizontally, but are read vertically, just like a measuring cup.
First part of a co-ordinate
Lines of latitude form a circle parallel to the equator
May have heard of the 49th Parallel
Navigation Info Session
4
Longitude
Angular distance from the prime meridian
Place on earth East or West of the prime meridian
Expressed in degrees, minutes, seconds
0° to 180° eastward and 180° westward
Vertical lines that a read horizontally, like a ruler
Second part of a co-ordinate
May have heard of the100th meridian
“Where the great plains begin”
Navigation Info Session
5
Co-Ordinates
Where you are anyplace on earth
– Expressed in latitude and longitude
LA before LO (latitude before longitude)
Degrees, minutes, seconds
– one degree can be divided into 60 minutes (')
– one minute can be divided into 60 seconds (“)
– Also 10ths of a second
Newcastle Pier is at:
N 43° 53’ 66.0” W 78° 34’ 54.6”
N 43° 53.66’ W 78° 34.55’
N 43 5366 W 78 3455
N 43 53.660 W 78 34.546
Navigation Info Session
6
Nautical Mile
One Nautical Mile = 1.15 statute miles = 1.85 km
How did they arrive at this?
– The earth at the equator is approximately 25,000 statute miles round
– Earth is measured in 360 degrees
•
Or 360 x 60 = 21,600 minutes
– Divide circumference by number of minutes
•
25,000 / 21,600 = 1.15
Distance equal to one minute of latitude
If you have two positions on the same degree longitude and different latitudes
– Take the difference and convert to minutes
– You have the distance apart in nautical miles
– Q: What is the distance between two lines of latitude (one degree)?
– Q: How far south are we from the 49th parallel?
Navigation Info Session
7
KNOTS
Speed through water
Boat moving through the water at a speed on ONE NAUTICAL MILE PER HOUR
is said to be moving at a speed on ONE KNOT
Boat moving at a speed of 10 NAUTICAL MILES PER HOUR
is said to move at a speed of 10 KNOTS
– Don’t say 10 KNOTS per hour
Navigation Info Session
8
Magnetic Compass
Points to Magnetic North Pole
Different than the geographic pole that the earth rotates on.
– All charts use the True North Pole
Magnetic North Pole moves slightly with time
Navigation Info Session
9
Correcting Compass Errors
Must convert Compass direction to True, as chart is done in True.
– And Vice versa
Variation is the failure of the compass to point to true north
– is read from the compass rose on the chart
– is the same for all boats in the same area
– is the same for all directions in the same area
Deviation is the failure of the compass to point to magnetic north
– is caused by local magnetic fields on the boat.
– is specific to an individual boat
– changes with the boats heading
– is read from the Deviation Table on the boat.
NOTE: You can also configure your instruments to display True bearings
Navigation Info Session
10
Compass Rose
True bearing on chart
Shows magnetic variation from True
Magnetic variation from year to year
Used to plot a course
Navigation Info Session
11
Converting Compass Readings
T)ele V)ision M)akes D)ull C)hildren add W)onder
T)rue V)irgins M)ake D)ull C)ompany
Examples:
– 192C
– 000C
– 108T
True
(-) East
Variation
(+) East
Magnetic
(+) West
Deviation
(-) West
Compass
Navigation Info Session
12
TVMDC Execises
See Information Sheet handouts
Navigation Info Session
13
Tools of Navigation
What about marine electronics?
– GPS Chartplotter Loran Radar
– Need backup
– Hard to plan course with GPS
Charting Tools
– Charts
– Pencils and Sharpener
– Erasers
– Rulers
– Dividers
– Magnifying glass
– Log Book or pad of paper
– A direction seeking device (compass)
– A means of sighting and measuring angles
– An accurate means of measuring speed
– An accurate timepiece
Navigation Info Session
14
Charts
No vessel should be on the water without some form of charts on board
Various commercial publications
– Strip charts/ Ports book/Richardsons
Paper Charts
– Large stiff paper (rolled or folded)
– Chart Title Block
•
Shows region, scale, units of depth
•
Bottom left will have date of issue/update
– You are responsibility to update them from NOTICE TO MARINERS from Canadian Coast Guard
•
Changes and additions to the chart
– Changes to buoys
– New Obstructions
– Discontinuation of lights or fog signals
•
Done online with Canadian Coast Guard
Navigation Info Session
15
Reading Co-ordinates
From the provided chart, read the co-ordinates of the following:
– Port of Newcastle light house
– Westleyville stack
– Port Hope harbour entrance
– Cobourg harbour entrance
On the chart provided, mark the following co-ordinates:
– SE corner of the Darlington exclusion zone
– Peter’s Rock buoy
Navigation Info Session
16
Reading Distances
Use dividers
Always read distances from the lattitude (side) of the chart.
From the provided chart, calculate the distances from:
– Newcastle to Port Darlington
– Oshawa buoy to SW corner of Darlington exclusion zone
– Port Hope to Peter’s Rock buoy
– Peter’s Rock buoy to Cobourg harbour entrance
Navigation Info Session
17
Plotting a Course
Boat leaves Newcastle heading south at 4 KNOTS at 10am
– Compass Bearing 192
– Must calculate compass variation and deviation for True bearing
Draw a circle at your starting point
– Record time below circle
– This is called a FIX
Draw course line
– Walk with Rulers from compass rose (or calculate angle with protractor)
Put True bearing above line
Put Speed in knots below line
Navigation Info Session
180
S 4.0
C180T
S 4.0
192M
S 4.0
18
Deduced Reckoning
Ded Reckoning is an estimate of where you are based on
– Previously known position (FIX)
– Speed
– Course
– Time
Indicated with a half circle on course line
Put time (HHMM) below it
From the previous example, how far out will you be in:
– One hour
– Two hours
Navigation Info Session
19
Fixing a Position
Need two of more lines of position (LOP)
Should be 120° apart.
Done with handheld bearing device
Must convert bearing to True
Example:
You have sailed for several hours from Newcastle and you take the following bearings:
•
Newcastle light house
042C
•
Darlington light house
322C
•
St Mary’s Cement pier
302C
Where are you?
– Latitude/Longitude?
– What depth of water should you be in
– How far from Newcastle are you?
Navigation Info Session
20
Calulating Distance and Time
Simple algebra
Use a calculator
S 60Tx D
Speed in KNOTS
T 60Sx D
There are some slide rule tools to calculate this
D S 60xT
Distance in Nautical Miles
Time is in minutes
Examples
– Distance 12 nm and taken 10 hours, what was your speed?
– Distance 50 nm average speed was 6 KNOTS, how long it take you?
– 4.5 KNOTS speed for 12 ½ hours, how far have you gone?
Navigation Info Session
21
LOG Sheet
Sheet or pad of paper
Jot down events as they happen or as situations/conditions change
Can be transferred to a log book later
Time Lat
Long
Course Speed
Notes
1000 N43 5366
W78 3455
180C
4.0
Left Newcastle with #2
090C
5.0
Tacked
same
same
Assisted boater
same
6.0
Switched to #1
N/A
N/A
Arrive Cobourg
1200
1210 N43 5025
W78 2020
1400
1530 N43 5684
W78 1003
Navigation Info Session
22
Example: Newcastle to Cobourg (Bart)
Sailing Vessel leaves Newcastle under sail at 1000 with wind from N (beam reach)
Course 120 for 2 hours @ 3 knots
– What is your estimated position (latitude/longitude)?
– What depth of water should you be in (feet/fathoms)?
– How many nautical miles are you from Cobourg?
– What course should you take?
– What is your ETA?
Change Course to this new bearing and you find your speed increased to 6 knots
– What is your new ETA?
When Port Hope if off your beam, you take three bearings
•
Port Hope
320C
•
Westleyville stack
106C
•
Radio Tower 186 ft tall
057C
– Fix a position using these three bearings; are you close to your course?
– How far from the Port Hope harbour entrance are you?
– Are you going to clear Peter’s Rock?
Navigation Info Session
23
Example: Powerboat Cobourg to Newcastle (Harvey)
Powerboat leaves Cobourg at 1000
What compass course should you take to avoid Peter’s Rock?
– You want to avoid the buoy by 500M to the south
After clearing Peter’s Rock, you change course to 243
– What is your ETA to Newcastle?
You really need to get back, so you increase speed to 12 knots
You hit something under the water, shearing your prop off
You determine you aren’t sinking, so you take some bearings:
•
Westleyville stack
062C
•
Newcastle light house
284C
…before calling the coast guard for assistance
– What is your position (latitude/longitude)
– How far off shore are you?
– What depth of water should you be in?
Navigation Info Session
24
Example: Sailboat Cobourg to Newcastle (Brian)
SV Moonlight Hismiztress
– Can point 45 degress to the wind
– Can tack through 90 degrees
Leaves Cobourg at 1000 close hauled compass bearing 192 at 4 KNOTS
If she tacks right away, will she clear Peter’s Rock?
After 30/60/90 minutes, plot estimated positions, along bearing 192 at 4 KNOTS
– If she tacks, will she clear Peter’s Rock, or make it to Newcastle on one tack?
– What is the ETA to Newcastle for each case?
Navigation Info Session
25
Example: Real World GPS Track
SV Still Time Leaves Cobourg on May 30, 2010
Heads due south to try and make Newcastle in one tack
What happened here?
Navigation Info Session
26
Discussion and Questions
Navigation Info Session
27
Bart Bies
[email protected]
(905)626-9447
http://www.newcastleyachtclub.com
www. capgemini.com