Transcript Administration/Command and Control

BIOLOGICAL AND
RADIOLOGICAL WEAPONS
BIOLOGICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL WARFARE
FUNDAMENTALS
Biological Warfare
 Biological Warfare is the intentional use of
diseases to affect an adversary,s military force,
population, crops, or livestock.
Early History
 2000 years ago , Romans fouled many of their
enemies water sources by throwing the corpses
of dead animals into the wells.
 1346 Rats and their fleas carried disease to
Tater soldiers who were attacking the walled
city of Kaffa. In spite , the Taters catapulted the
bodies of victims at the defending Genoese who
contracted plague and left Kaffa.
Early History
 1754 - 1767 During the French and Indian
war, the British offered blankets exposed with
smallpox to the Indians at Fort Carillon. Once
they became ill and the epidemic spread
through the Fort, the English attacked
defeating the incapacitated force. Renamed it
Fort Ticonderoga.
Early History
 1860’s American Civil War, Confederate
soldiers shot horses and other farm animals in
ponds in an effort to contaminate the water
supply of the Union forces.
Biological Warfare
 There are two basic categories of biological
agents.
 1. Microorganisms: (Pathogens)Which are living
organic germs, such as anthrax.
 2. Toxins: The byproducts of living organisms, or
effectively natural poisons, such as botulism.
Biological Agents
 Anthrax
 Smallpox
 Plague
 Botulism
 Tularemia
 Q Fever
• Viral Hemorrhagic
Fevers
• Toxins
• - Plants
• - Animals
• - Mycotoxins
Biggest Threats
 Anthrax: Caused by bacteria that normally reside
in soil, in the form of microscopic spores. The
spores change into the anthrax bacteria, which
produce a toxin that can be fatal to humans and
animals.
 - Three forms of Anthrax
Anthrax
1. Cutaneous anthrax. Anthrax spores can enter
a cut on the skin, leading to a localized infection.
The infection at first may resemble an insect bite
but within days develops into an open sore with a
characteristic black center.
2. Intestinal anthrax. Humans can ingest anthrax
bacteria by consuming meat from an infected
animal. Intestinal anthrax causes inflammation of
the intestines, often leading to vomiting of blood
and severe diarrhea
Anthrax
3. Inhalation anthrax. This is the most deadly
form of anthrax. If inhaled, anthrax spores can
infect the lungs. After about 12 hours, initial
symptoms begin to appear that resemble a mild
cold or flu. These initial symptoms may include
fatigue, low-grade fever and a dry cough. But after
several days, the infection progresses, producing a
high fever and pneumonia. Once the infection has
spread, inhalation anthrax is fatal in about 90 % of
cases.
Anthrax
 Fortunately, all three forms of anthrax are
treatable with antibiotics if treatment begins early.
Smallpox
 A highly contagious viral disease: The variola
virus causes smallpox. Signs and symptoms of
smallpox include a high fever, fatigue and aches,
followed by a rash. The lesions resemble small
pocks- tiny, pus-filled blisters most prominent on
the face, arms and legs.
 May take a week or longer before signs and
symptoms appear.
 The disease spreads by contact with respiratory
secretions of someone infected.
Smallpox
 There’s no proven treatment for smallpox.
 Place infected persons in quarantine.
 In nonfatal cases, the disease runs its course in
about a month.
 There is a smallpox vaccine. The vaccine can
lessen the severity of the disease or even prevent it
if given promptly to someone who may have been
exposed to the virus.
Biological Warfare
 Possible means of Dissemination:
• Vectors (an animal that carries the disease)
• Contamination of high traffic areas (post
offices, mass transit, ventilation ducts)
• Contaminating the water supply
• Aerosol spray from planes
• Bomblets
Biological Warfare
 Signs of Biological Attack:
• Fatigue, Fever, Inflammation in people
• Sick or Dead Animals
• Sudden Swarms of Insects
Evidence of a biological attack is often
delayed! This is a reason it is very
difficult to detect...
Protection From
Biological Agents
 Training in Biological Warfare
 Immunizations – Receive proper shots prior to Deployment
 Camp Cleanliness – Unsanitary conditions increase the threat and
multiplication of pathogens
 Personal Hygiene – The best decon is a hot, soapy shower with
special attention paid to hairy areas and underneath fingernails.
Protection From
Biological Agents
 Main entry point for biological agents is through mucous
membranes and breaks in the skin
 Best means of eliminating biohazards in the field is weathering
(UV rays from sunlight will eventually kill most biological agents)
 Single most feared factor regarding biological agents is the
inability to accurately detect them
...The military presently does not have detectors capable of
detecting biological agents!
BW Nation States
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RUSSIA
SYRIA
IRAQ
IRAN
LIBYA
NORTH KOREA
ISRAEL
EGYPT
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CUBA
TAIWAN
CHINA
ROMANIA
BULGARIA
PAKISTAN
INDIA
SOUTH AFRICA
U.S. POLICY
 The U.S. has vowed to never use BW agents
under any circumstances. All BW agent work is
limited to defensive measures such as developing
immunizations, detection methods, personal
protective equipment, decontamination, rapid
diagnostic tests, and treatments.
Radiological
Warfare
Radiological Warfare
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• The employment of nuclear weapons
to destroy property and personnel
• Delivery methods:
- Air burst
- Surface burst
- Underground/underwater burst
...The U.S. uses nuclear weapons as a
Strategic Deterrence
ATOM
Air Burst
Air burst characteristics
- Fire ball does not touch the
earth
- All material in the fire ball is
vaporized
- Maximized blast and thermal
effect over large area
Surface Burst
Surface Burst Characteristics
- Fire ball touches the earth
- Surface material vaporized and
lifted in the air
- Produces large amounts of fallout,
maximizing personnel casualties
- Range of blast less than that of an
air burst
Underwater Burst
Underwater Burst Characteristics
- Practically all thermal radiation is absorbed
- Large base surge is formed which billows up several hundred feet
- Initial radiation absorbed by water, but considerable residual
radiation in rain/water from base surge
Types of Radiation
Alpha Particles
- Internal hazard cannot penetrate skin or clothing
- Ranges 0 – 3 inches off the ground
- Only harmful if inhaled or swallowed
Beta Particles
- Internal and external hazard
- Most prevalent in fallout
- Ranges 6 -10 ft in the air
- Can detect its presence, cannot be measured accurately
Types of Radiation
Gamma Rays
- Pure Energy waves
- Can’t be stopped, can only reduce the intensity by distance and
shielding. This makes gamma the most dangerous
TIME, DISTANCE, AND SHIELDING
...YOUR MOST EFFECTIVE MEANS OF PROTECTION
FROM NUCLEAR RADIATION!
Effects of
Nuclear Explosions
Blast
- Mach Front: The initial shock front formed in the blast
- Shock Wave: A continuous propagating pressure wave caused by
expanding hot gases
- positive phase (compression phase)
- negative phase (suction phase)
Thermal Yield
- Thermal energy (fireball) released in initial blast, lasts less than a
minute
- Intense heat incinerates/ burns surrounding buildings, landscape,
people
Effects of
Nuclear Explosions
Electromagnetic Pulse
- Sharp pulse of radio frequency electromagnetic radiation that
damages and disrupts unprotected electronic equipment
Fallout
- Contaminated dirt and debris sucked up in the initial blast that falls
back to earth (alpha and beta radiation)
- early (local) fallout returns to earth in the first 24 hours
- delayed fallout (worldwide) made of fine particles in the
upper atmosphere carried around the world in months and
years to follow
Methods of Detection
Radiological Detection Meters (RADIAC)
AN/PDR – 27
- Measures low-level gamma up to 500mR/hr (milliRoentgens/hour),
detects beta
AN/PDR – 43
- Measures high-level gamma up to 500 R/hr, detects beta
AN/PDQ-1 & AN/PDQ-2
- Next generation Multi-function RADIAC (MFR), lighter, more
versatile than the 27 and 43 models
- Detect hi/low gamma, beta, alpha, neutron, and X-ray radiation
Methods of Detection
Pocket Dosimeters
IM – 143/PD
0 – 600 Roentgen
IM – 9/PD
0 – 200 milliRoentgens
- Used to track total personal exposure
for Maximum Permissible Exposure
(MPE) levels in gamma and X-rays
PP – 4276C/PD
- Detector charger for the 9 and 143
Methods of Detection
Dosimeters
DT – 60C/PD
- Reads total exposure from 0-600
RAD
CP – 95A/PD
- Reads the DT-60
- 0-200 mR
- 0-600 R
- All Dosimeters are worn at waist to
chest level, so that the reading
reflects the center of mass dosage
Radiation Exposure
Maximum Permissible Exposure (MPE)
- Set by Unit Commander as the maximum allowable exposure for
any of his personnel
- Usually set at 150 Roentgens
Casualty Dose
- The dosage of radiation at which a person is considered a casualty,
regardless of symptoms or appearance
- Navy Standard is 250 Roentgens
Radiation Exposure
Acute Exposure
- One shot dose received in 24 hours or less
- Physical effects include nausea, vomiting, anemia, hair loss,
internal bleeding
Chronic Exposure
- Received over an extended period, exposure for life
- Tracked in a person’s medical record
- Physical effects include cataracts, leukemia/ other cancers, genetic
defects, shortened lifespan
NBC Marking Kit
NATO – Standard Triangular Signs
- Markers are placed outside the
contaminated area
- Markers face OUT from the
contamination
- Each kit contains 60 signs, 48
mounting stakes, 13 rolls of tape, and
2 red crayons
Biological Marker
BIO
Anthrax
091900ZAPR99
Remember: Blue – Bio.
Radiological Marker
ATOM
091900ZAPR99
150 R/Hr
H/Hr 091200ZAPR99
Remember: Blinding WHITE
flash leaves behind black
charred remains
Pre-Attack Actions
Chemical
- Designate MOPP Level
- Attach M-9 Paper to JSLIST Suit
and equipment
- Remain alert, understand alarms
and signals
- Cover, Protect and Disperse
Equipment
Biological
- Practice good hygiene
- Have up-to-date immunizations
- Use only approved food and
water sources
Radiological
- Dig in, cover up
- Cover, protect, and disperse
equipment
Attack Actions
Chemical & Biological
- Stop breathing, close eyes, don
mask
- Give the alarm
- Continue mission
- Assist others as time permits
Radiological
- Drop face down
- Close eyes, cover skin
- Remain down until debris stops
falling
- Check weapon and equipment
and continue with mission
Post - Attack Actions
Chemical
- Provide buddy aid
- Report casualty status
- Do not unmask until authorized
to do so
Biological
- Do not unmask until authorized
to do so
- Conduct decontamination
- Promptly report any sickness
Radiological
- Begin fallout monitoring
- Take cover
- Use cloth to cover mouth and
nose
- Remove contamination
The End
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