Transcript CLASS-05_CALMAC_Presentation.

Results of the 2005
California Lighting and Appliance
Efficiency Saturation Study
(CLASS)
What types of Appliances and Lighting are being used in
California Residences?
Eric Swan
RLW Analytics
2005 CLASS Study Objectives
• 1 - Complete 850 onsite surveys of residences in the
service territories of the four California IOUs
• 2 - Develop a database of residential building
characteristics, lighting and appliance saturations and
efficiencies
• 3 - Develop a web-based tool for data access
– www.calresest.com
• 4 - Conduct trend and comparison analyses of saturations
and efficiencies
– 2000 California Statewide Lighting and Appliance Saturation and
Efficiency Study
Data Collected
• Appliance data
– Refrigerator-freezers, self-standing freezers, dishwashers, clothes
washers, clothes dryers, water heaters, heating equipment, cooling
equipment, and spa/pool equipment
– Age, type, fuel, manufacturer, model number, size
• Lighting
– Lamp, fixture, wattage, and control type for each lighting fixture
within the home, as well as the front porch fixture
• Envelope
– Attic, floor and wall insulation R-values, wall construction, and
window type
• Demographic questions
– Size, year built, number of residents, annual household income, etc.
Methodology
•
•
•
•
Representative sample of California residential accounts
Introductory letter and phone recruitment
$25 incentive offered
IPAQ hand held personal digital assistants with custom
application for data collection
• Data uploaded remotely to RLW’s server
• ~1.5 hour onsite survey
Sample
• Location of sampled California residences
Demographics
•
•
•
•
Over 45% are single family, unattached, 1-story dwellings; single family,
unattached, 2 story housing, total 19.7% of the sample
The average number of people per home is 2.8 people.
English was the primary language spoken at over 83% of the homes; Spanish was
the second most common at over 10% of homes
The largest percentage of surveyed
residents has an annual income
between $25,000 and $50,000, totaling
21.5% of the sample.
Total Household
Income
< $25,000
$25,001-$50,000
$50,001-$75,000
$75,001-$100,000
>$100,000
Unknown
Refused
Percent of
Homes
12.0%
21.5%
16.9%
13.3%
15.7%
5.1%
15.6%
•
Almost one-third of the homes
surveyed were between 1,000 to
1,599 SQFT.
Total Heated
Floorspace
Fewer than 600 sq.ft.
600 to 999 sq.ft.
1,000 to 1,599 sq.ft.
1,600 to 1,999 sq.ft.
2,000 to 2,399 sq.ft.
2,400 to 2,999 sq.ft.
3,000 or more sq.ft.
Unknown
Percent of
Homes
5.2%
17.0%
31.8%
19.0%
11.2%
7.2%
4.8%
3.8%
Representative Sample?
•Comparison with 2000 Census Data
•21% Not Reported
•Bias?
Total Household
Income
2005
CLASS
2000
Census
< $25,000
$25,001-$50,000
$50,001-$75,000
$75,001>$100,000
Unknown
Refused
12%
21%
17%
13%
16%
5%
16%
26%
27%
18%
11%
18%
2005
CLASS
Exc. Missing
15%
27%
21%
17%
20%
Lighting
• Homes now have an average of 23 fixtures and 41 lamps,
up from 20 fixtures and 34 lamps in 2000
• Compact Fluorescent Lamps: There has been a
tremendous growth in the saturation of compact
fluorescent lighting
– 11% of all fixtures have at least one CFL (in 2000, 1%)
– 9% of all lamps are CFLs (in 2000, 1%)
– 57% of all homes have one or more CFLs installed (in 2000,
12%)
– Floor and table lamps are most likely to contain a CFL
– The most common room types to have a CFL are living rooms
and bedrooms
– Dining rooms are least likely to contain a CFL
Lighting
•
Average Lamp Wattage:
– Incandescent A-type lamps = 64 watts
– Spring type CFL = 18 watts Circline CFL = 25 watts
•
Average Fixture Wattage
Room
Laundry Rm
Porch
Closet
Bedroom - 2
Bedroom - 3
Bedroom - 1
Breakfast Nook
Bedroom - 4
Bathroom - 1
Bathroom - 2
Office
Hall
Bedroom - Master
Dining Rm
Bathroom - 3
Rec Rm
Garage
Kitchen
Family Room
Living Rm
Other
Bathroom - Master
Watts
82.4
96.3
113.3
133.7
141.5
142.1
152.1
168.8
184.1
192.6
197.5
206.4
207.3
215.1
228.3
228.9
232.2
245.2
252.6
253.5
267.6
274.4
Error Sample
Bound
Size
4.6
331
11.2
578
7.9
298
7.3
475
12.0
166
6.2
736
13.7
150
54.3
29
7.7
725
13.4
270
17.3
274
12.2
744
9.5
649
10.8
581
39.8
43
52.6
72
16.1
440
11.5
834
16.1
362
14.2
672
49.9
104
14.2
589
•
Average Fixture Wattage
Fixture Type
Under Counter
Architectually Integrated
Other
Recessed Can
Table lamps
Recessed Lighting-Other
Garage Door Opener
Ceiling Fixtures
Floor Lamp
Track Lighting
Wall Mount
Ceiling Fan
Chandelier Hanging
Torchiere
Average
Fixture
Wattage
42.1
43.9
50.8
62.7
66.7
69.9
77.8
80.2
90.3
117.6
118.6
125.8
149.9
165.1
Error
Bound
8.7
25.8
30.9
11.4
5.1
18.2
16.0
4.8
11.3
34.1
7.8
13.5
15.6
30.6
Sample
Size
341
92
37
555
831
283
325
846
617
198
846
680
722
409
Efficiency Data
• Model numbers were matched to databases of appliance efficiencies
– CEC, ARI, AHAM, etc.
– Once matched, the corresponding efficiency was assigned to the matched
appliance
• Matching rates varied greatly by appliance type and age.
2005
Primary Refrigerators
Secondary Refrigerators
Cooling Overall
Cooling Packaged
Cooling Split
Cooling Win/Wall
Clothes Dryer
Heat Pump
Heating
Primary Freezer
Dishwasher
Washing Machine
Water Heater
Total Number
in Database
(A)
848
160
490
99
230
65
680
27
809
164
583
696
848
Model
Numbers
Found
(B)
773
119
266
47
188
15
644
13
400
109
559
602
564
Model
Numbers
Matched
(C)
530
70
167
34
118
6
21
10
233
51
148
106
276
% Model
% Model
Numbers
Numbers Not
Matched
Found
(C/B)
(1-(B/A))
69%
9%
59%
26%
63%
46%
72%
53%
63%
18%
40%
77%
3%
5%
77%
52%
58%
51%
47%
34%
26%
4%
18%
14%
49%
33%
% of Total
Matched
(C/A)
63%
44%
34%
34%
51%
9%
3%
37%
29%
31%
25%
15%
33%
Primary Cooling Systems
•
•
Saturation: Over half (53%) of all homes have some type of cooling system
System Type: Increase in the saturation of central systems, and a decrease in room/space
Evaporative
conditioning systems from 2000
System
7%
Packaged Heat
Pump
4%
Window Unit
14%
Packaged
System AC
22%
Split Heat
Pump
2%
Split System
A/C
51%
•
•
Size: The most common central air-conditioner size is the 4-ton category (23%), and the next most
common size is the 3 ton category (22%). Over 80% are between 3 and 5 tons
Efficiency: Of the 257 central systems surveyed, 164 units were matched to an efficiency database for
determining the SEER. The results suggest that central air-conditioner efficiency has only slightly
increased in the last five years.
% of Systems in Efficiency
SEER
Type of System
Packaged System A/C
Packaged System Heat Pump
Split System A/C
Split System Heat Pump
Minimum
Minimum Energy
Average SEER
Federal Standard Star Standard
9.7
9.7
10
10
12
12
13
13
10.3
8.8
10.4
9.5
Sample Size
35
4
119
6
Range
13 or Higher SEER
12 - 12.99 SEER
11 - 11.99 SEER
SEER 10 - 10.99 SEER
9 - 9.99 SEER
8 - 8.99 SEER
Less Than 8 SEER
10 - 10.99 EER
EER
9 - 9.99 EER
Central
7.4%
14.8%
8.0%
41.2%
14.4%
6.3%
7.7%
-
Space
81.9%
18.1%
Primary Heating Systems
•
•
•
Saturation: The study results show that 84% of homes have one heating system,
13% have two systems, and 3% have 3 systems or more
System Type: The most common heating system type are central system forced
air furnaces (63%), followed by wall unit systems (13%)
Fuel: Single family detached homes are •
much more likely to be heated using
natural gas, while apartments are more
likely to be heated by electric systems
Pellets
0%
Propane
3%
Electricity
11%
Gas
80%
Wood
2%
Unknown
4%
Efficiency: The average Annual Fuel
Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) for gas
central heating systems is 80.6,
compared to 72.2 for space systems
AFUE
Range
66 - 71.99
72 - 77.99
78 - 84.99
85 - 89.99
90 - 96
Central
0.0%
6.3%
87.2%
0.0%
6.5%
Space
62.9%
31.2%
2.1%
3.7%
0.0%
HVAC Average Age
• Comparison of HVAC system age between 2000 and 2005
• Across the board reduction in the average age of HVAC
systems
Average Age
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Furnace-Central
Furnace-Space
HP-Central
A/C-Central
A/C-Space
2000
20.2
31.3
13.2
12.3
13
2005
17
29
12.2
10.8
11.9
HVAC Efficiency Trends
• Across the board improvement in the efficiency of HVAC
systems
•
Comparison of SEER Rated
Central Cooling Equipment
11
•
10.5
Comparison of AFUE Rated
Heating Equipment
82
9.5
80
78
9
76
8.5
HP-Central
74
A/C-Central
2000
9.53
9.5
2005
10.8
10.3
AFUE
SEER
10
72
70
68
66
64
62
Furnace-Central
Furnace-Space
2000
78.7
69.3
2005
80.6
72.2
Primary Refrigerator/Freezers
•
•
Saturation: 19% of homes have a 2nd refrigerator
Type: Standard type units have lost market share, while side-by-side units have gained
market share
•
70%
Size (Cubic Ft):
60%
Refrigerator Type
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Side-bySide
2005
2000
•
Standard
Freezer on
Bottom
Built in
43%
52%
4%
0.5%
0.1%
0%
34%
60%
5%
0%
0%
1%
Age:
Size Range
(CuFt)
Overall
11.00-14.99
15.00-18.99
19.00-21.99
>22.00
Unknown
Half or
Refrigerator
Quarter Size
Only
Avg Mfg
Age
6.6
8.5
7.1
6.8
5.2
9.1
All Refrigerator
Types
Bottom Mounted
Freezer
Side-by-Side
with Ice Dispenser
Side by Side
no Ice Dispenser
Top Mounted Freezer
with Ice Dispenser
Top Mounted Freezer
no Ice Dispenser
Average
Size
21.0
21.1
24.5
22.9
19.0
18.2
Refrigerator/Freezer Efficiency
•
Unit Energy Consumption (UEC): An 21% average energy usage reduction was
observed from 2000 to 2005 for primary refrigerators.
– These encouraging results are likely due to new federal energy standards and
utility rebate and recycling programs.
1,200
UEC (kWh/Yr)
1,000
800
600
400
200
-
Primary
Refrigerators
Secondary
Refrigerators
Freezers-Chest
Freezers-Upright
2000
914.7
1041.3
403.6
760.4
2005
720.7
730.6
325.3
726.4
• ENERGY STAR:
– 7% of all primary refrigerators qualify with the 2004 ENERGY STAR standards
– 23% of all refrigerators meet or exceed the 2001 ENERGY STAR standards (1% in 2000)
Self Standing Freezers
•
•
Saturation: Nearly 19% of homes have a self-standing freezer for food storage.
Type:
• Size:
Chest Type
34.7%
All
Chest
Upright
Upright Type
65.3%
•
•
Average
Size
(CuFt)
13.0
7.2
15.4
Error
Bound
1.3
1.2
1.2
Age: The overall average age of freezers has decreased from 14 years to 12
years from 2000 to 2005
Consumption: 16% of freezers use less energy than the 2001 federal freezer
standards, compared to 2000 when 9% of freezers consumed less energy than
the 1993 federal standards.
Freezer Type
Chest and Upright
Chest
Upright
Manufacturer Data
Sample Size
UEC
Error
(kWh/yr)
Bound
626.5
71.8
51
325.3
65.9
15
726.4
74.1
36
2001 Standard
UEC
Error
(kWh/yr)
Bound
468.4
38.5
250.7
31.9
540.6
33.2
Sample
Size
51
15
36
Clothes Washers
•
•
Saturation: 82% of all homes have a clothes washer. Washers are least common
in apartment buildings, where about 35% of individual dwelling units have a
washing machine.
Clothes Washer Type:
Stacked
3%
Horizontal
Axis
9%
Standard
88%
• Age: The average washing machine
age is 6.7 years old, compared to 2000
when the average age was 7.4 years.
Manufactured
Date Range
2000-2005
1995-1999
1990-1994
1985-1989
1980-1984
1979 and Older
Percentage
(n=562)
55.8%
25.4%
11.2%
5.5%
1.6%
0.5%
Error Bound
3.5%
3.1%
2.2%
1.6%
0.9%
0.5%
• Energy Factor:
Energy Star
2005
2000
Type of Washer Qualifying
Average EF Average EF
EF
Standard
2.5
1.22
1.26
H-Axis
2.5
4.13
3.95
Clothes Dryers
• Saturation: 80% of homes have a clothes dryer, closely
matching the saturation of washing machines
• Age: Average age is 7.6 years, compared to 2000 when
the average age was 8.4 years.
• Fuel type:
Propane 2%
Electric 41%
Gas 57%
Water Heaters
•
System Type: The most common
system types are gas storage
•
Instantaneous
1.4%
Unknown
13.4%
Fuel Type:
Propane
4%
Unknown
14%
Electric
5%
Gas
77%
Storage
85.1%
•
Efficiency:
Standard: National Appliance
Energy Conservation Act Standards (NAECA),
implemented in 2004.
Size
40 Gallons
40 Gallons
40 Gallons
50 Gallons
Energy Factor Comparison
Energy
Factor
Fuel Type
Standard
Gas
0.59
Propane
0.59
Electric
0.92
Electric
0.90
•
Average
Energy
Factor
0.58
0.59
0.89
0.89
Age: The average age of water
heaters has dropped, from 9 years
old in 2000 to 7 years old currently
Dishwashers
• Saturation: Just less than 70% of homes have a
dishwasher
• Age: the average age of dishwashers is now estimated to
be 7 years old, down from 9 years in 2000
• Efficiency: The average EF for is greater than the current
federal energy standard, but less than the minimum
ENERGY STAR qualification
Dishwasher Energy Factor
Minimum
Current Federal
Average Energy
Energy Star
Standards
Factor
Qualification
0.495
0.460
0.580
Appliance and Equipment Age Trends
• A notable trend is occurring in the average age and efficiency of
appliances and equipment
• Example - 2005 findings reveal that in 2005 secondary refrigerators
are nearly the same age as primary refrigerators were in 2000
Average Age
16.0
14.0
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
Primary
Secondary
Refrigerators Refrigerators
Freezers
Hot Water
Heaters
Washers
Dryers
Dishwashers
2000
8.5
12.8
13.6
8.8
7.4
8.4
9
2005
6.6
9.0
11.7
7.2
6.7
7.6
7.4
Appliance Energy Factor Efficiency Trends
• Across the board improvement in the efficiency of energy factor
rated appliances
4.5
4.0
3.5
Energy Factor
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
-
Water Heater- Water Heater- Water HeaterGas
Propane
Electric
WasherOverall
WasherStandard
WasherHorizontal
Dishwashers
2000
0.56
0.58
0.88
1.32
1.31
3.95
0.483
2005
0.58
0.59
0.89
1.77
1.22
4.13
0.495
Window Construction
•
Frame Saturation: The saturation of metal frame windows has decreased significantly
since 2000, down from 79% to 63%.
Frame Type
2005
2000
Metal
63%
79%
Wood or Vinyl
37%
21%
•
Frame and Pane Saturation: Apartment buildings have the highest potential for having
single pane aluminum glazing and single family two and three story homes are most likely
to have double pane vinyl/wood glazing products.
Frame and Pane Type
Metal Single
Metal Double
Metal Triple
Wood or Vinyl Single
Wood or Vinyl Double
•
2005
43%
19%
0%
11%
26%
2000
55%
24%
0%
14%
7%
10% of window area is thought to have low-e coating
– Homes built between 1951 and 1955 have the highest saturation (19%), followed closely by
homes built between 2001-2005 (17%)
– Likely due to renovation activity in older homes that includes window upgrades
Online Databases on www.calresest.com
• Queriable databases for 2000 and 2005 CLASS
• www.calresest.com
• California Residential Efficiency Saturation Tool
Observations
•
•
•
•
The average age of appliances and equipment has decreased since 2000
A steady, across the board improvement in the efficiency of energy factor rated appliances
and other equipment was observed
There has been a tremendous growth in the saturation of compact fluorescent lighting
since 2000
Possible contributors to the change
– During 2000 and 2001, California experienced rolling blackouts which created an energy
efficiency resurgence, prompting new programs designed to change behavior and purchasing
habits
– The Public Purpose funds that were invested in energy conservation programs that served
customers of the four California investor owned utilities appear to have affected change
– Increasing contribution of new construction - large numbers of new homes are being
constructed each year (200,000 in 2004)
– During the period of 2000-2005, interest rates reached an all time low, coupled with a spike in
property values, resulting in refinancing and many home remodels
•
A periodic lighting and appliance saturation study is a good way to gauge progress of
energy efficiency standards and programs