Transcript Eco-design IV

Eco-design IV
Tools and Strategies for
Sustainable Consumption
and Production
Contents
1. Overall strategies and concepts
2. Tools
2.1. Business perspective
2.2. Analytical tools
2.3. Procedural tools
2.4. Communication tools
2.5. Product sustainability toolbox
3. Policies and Instruments
1. Overall strategies and concepts
of sustainable production and
consumption
Goal: Sustainable Development
- the three pillars
Environment
Economy
Sustainability
Social
Policy principles
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Continuous improvement
Transparency
Eco-efficiency
Precaution
Life cycle thinking
Polluter pays
Common but differentiated responsibilities
Overall Strategies
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Dematerialization
Life Cycle Management
Product Service Systems
The Triple Bottom Line Concept
Investment and insurance
Corporate responsibility
Reporting
Education and training
Dematerialization
• Addressing needs and functionality rather than
the product alone
• Tracking throughput of materials and energy in
industrial and consumption processes
• Major increase in resource productivity
Life Cycle Management
Return to the
environment
Consumption/
Use
Obsolescence Society’s Need
for Products and
Services
Re-Use
Manufacturing
Recycling
Exploration
Refining
Extraction
Life cycle thinking provides a holistic
framework taking the entire system
of a product, process or service into
account, enabling us to make
realistic choices for the longer term
taking multiple factors into account.
– Life cycle thinking needs tools to make
it practical to regular activities and
decisions.
Life Cycle Management (cont.)
Life Cycle Management (LCM) is an integrated
concept for managing the total life cycle of goods
and services towards more sustainable production
and consumption.
– uses various procedural and analytical tools taken
from the Product Sustainability Toolbox
– different applications and integrates economic,
social and environmental aspects into an institutional
context.
Product Service Systems
Product Service Systems (PSS): strategy to
develop a marketable mix of products and services
that are jointly capable of fulfilling a client's need with less environmental impact.
- a need rather than a product
- win-win solutions
- de-coupling economic growth and
environmental degradation.
Product Service Systems:
Definition
“A Product-Service System can be defined as the
result of an innovation strategy, shifting the
business focus from designing and selling
physical products only, to selling a system of
products and services which are jointly capable
of fulfilling specific client demands.”
UNEP (2002)
Product Service Systems:
Three main approaches
• Services providing added value to the product
life cycle
• Services providing “final results” for customers
• Services providing “enabling platforms” for
customers
The Triple Bottom Line Concept
Three Pillars of Sustainable Development
Society
Environment
Sustainable
Development
Economy
The Triple Bottom Line Concept
Environment
Society
Economy
The Triple Bottom Line Concept
The Wuppertal
Prism
Source:
The Wuppertal Institute,
http://www.foeeurope.org
TBL In Society
 Accepted concept
 Incorporated in law
 TBL assessments widely used
 Business reporting tool
 Expands decision-making scope
 Significant advancement over
previous assessment tools
2. Tools for sustainable production
and consumption
2.1. Business perspective
2.2. Analytical tools
2.3. Procedural tools
2.4. Communication tools
2.5. Toolbox
2.1. Business perspective
in SCP
Business Goals
Companies can act in two very different ways
to Society´s demand for sustainable
development:
1. Reactive: Fulfilling existing laws, directives
and perhaps standards
2. Proactive: Go beyond existing regulation to
become leader and use sustainability aspects
as business opportunities
Companies’ Potential Areas of
Improvement
 Processes: Eco-efficiency, Total Quality Management,
CPA, EnTA, environmental risk assessment.
 Products/ Services: Dematerialization, LCA, PSS, Ecodesign, Function Based Approach.
 Consumer communication: Consumer opportunities,
Advertising and Marketing, Eco-labels.
 Systems: Life Cycle Management, Material Flow
Accounting, Environmental Management Systems, Multistakeholder dialogues, supply chain management.
2.2. Analytical tools
in SCP
Three types of analytical tools for
eco-design:
• A. Quantitative tools such as LCA
• B. Matrices
• C. Checklists
List of analytical tools
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Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Material Input per Unit of Service (MIPS)
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
Material Flow Accounting (MFA)
Cumulative Energy Requirements Analysis (CERA)
Environmental Input-Output Analysis (env, IOA)
Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
Total cost accounting (TCA)
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)
Matrices
Checklists
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
EFFECT ASSESSMENT
Prediction of emission rate
Dose-response tests
Environment
Exposure prediction
Predicted Exposure
Concentration
Human Health
Predicted
Exposure Dose
Extrapolation
Acceptable Daily
Intake
- Risk Characterisation
- Uncertainty Analysis
Environment
Predicted No-Effect
Concentration
ERA steps
1. Hazard identification – relationship between
different levels of exposure and effects
2. Effect assessment
3. Exposure assessment
Define scope
Identify hazards
Identify how hazards
could be realized
Estimate consequences if
hazards were realized
Estimate the probability that
hazards will be realized
Calculate risk
Assess the significance
of the risk
no
Choice of more
exhaustive examination
yes
FIGURE 15.6 Steps in a risk assessment.
Life Cycle Assessment
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a tool for the
systematic evaluation of the environmental aspects of
a product or service system through all stages of its
life cycle.
– provides an adequate instrument for environmental
decision support.
– reliable LCA performance is crucial to achieve a lifecycle economy.
– The International Organisation for Standardisation
(ISO), has standardised this framework within the
series ISO 14040 on LCA.
Life Cycle assessment
From cradle to
grave
Impacts on
•Human
health
•Ecosystems
•Resources
ISO 14040 Life Cycle Assessment, Principles and
framework
Life cycle assessment framework
Goal
and scope
definition
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessment
Interpretation
Direct applications:
- Product development
and improvement
- Strategic planning
- Public policy making
- Marketing
- Other
Life Cycle Assessment Structure
According to ISO 14040:
Goal and scope
definition
(ISO 14041)
Inventory
Analysis
(ISO 14041)
Impact
Assessment
(ISO 14042)
Interpretation
(ISO 14043)
Application
Life Cycle Assessment:
Inventory Analysis
INPUT
Raw
material
OUTPUT
Acquisition of
Acquisition
of
rawmaterial
material
raw
Production
Production
Use/ reuse/
Use/maintenance
reuse/ maintenance
Energy
Recycling/
Waste
Recycling
Management
Waste
Management
Boundaries
of the system
System
Boundaries
Atmospheric
Emissions
Waste
Waters
Solid
Wastes
Co-products
Other
Wastes
Steps of the inventory phase
Preparing for data collection
Data collection
Validation of data
Relating data to unit process
Relating data to functional unit
Data aggregation
Refining system boundaries
Example of a product system, production and use of
steel sheet metal, for life cycle inventory analysis.
1. Mining of coal
2. Mining of iron ore
4. Crushing grinding
3. Mining of limestone
Product
system
Environment
5. Transport
System
boundary
6. Sintering
7. Blast furnace
8. Steel furnace
15. Production of
electricity
9. Steel moulding
Elementary
flows
10. Transport
11. Cutting, shaping
12. Use
13. Waste handling
14. Landfill
Life Cycle Assessment:
Impact Assessment
CO2
CH4
CFC
SO2
NOx
NH4
...
...
...
Normalisation
and Weighting
Climate Change
Acidification
...
Environmental
Index
Data quality analysis
Inventory table
Classification and
Characterisation
Elements of the life cycle impact assessment
procedure.
Mandatory elements
Selection of impact categories, category indicators and models
Assignment of LCI results to impact categories (Classification)
Calculation of category indicators (Characterisation)
Category indicator results (LCIA profile)
Optional elements
Calculating the magnitude of category indicators relative to reference
value(s) (Normalisation)
Grouping
Weighting
Data quality analysis
Elements of the interpretation
phase of an LCA study.
Goal and
scope
definition
Identification of
Evaluation by
significant issues
completeness check
sensitivity check
consistency check
Inventory
analysis
Impact
assessmen
t
Conclusions,
Recommendations
And reporting
LCA-result:
Environmental impact / functional unit
Example:
Amount of nitrate in water/ produced amount of meat
Types of environmental
interventions in LCA
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3.
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10.
Extraction of abiotic resources
Extraction of biotic resources
Land use
Climate change
Stratospheric ozone depletion
Photo-oxidant creation
Human toxicity
Eco-toxicity
Acidification
Nutrification
Strengths of LCA
• Comprehensive with respect to environmental impact
connected to a function
• Avoids problem shifting
• Explicit distinction between science based information
and value choices
• International standardisation by ISO
• Best practice identification envisaged in SETAC-UNEP
programme
Weaknesses of LCA
• Too complex
• Too data intensive
• Does not directly consider future changes in
technology and demand
• Does not consider societal effects
• Only known and quantifyable environmental
effects are considered
• Requires expert knowledge
Life Cycle Costing (LCC)
• Looks at the complete life-span of a product to calculate
the entire life cycle costs, which include all internal
costs plus external costs (=externalities) incurred
through throughout the entire life cycle of a product,
process or activity
• Puts a monetary value on the emissions and resource
use (unfortumately, no valuation method has been
generally agreed)
Total Cost Accounting (TCA)
• Describes the long-term, comprehensive analysis of the
full range of internal costs and savings resulting from
pollution prevention and other environmental projects
undertaken by a firm
• Comprehensive costs and savings inventory
• Precise cost allocation
• Use of long time horizons
• Use of profitability indicators which account for the time
value of money
• Does not consider eco-efficiency
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA)
• Determines whether or not the benefits of an
investment or a policy outweigh its costs
• Very broad scope
• All costs and benefits are expressed in monetary
values
• Large uncertainty because of many valuations
CBA in energy and transport sectors
Steps in the analysis
Tools, data
Step1. Emissions.
Environmental burdens
•Technology characterisation
•Life Cycle Inventory
Step 2. Impacts. Dispersion.
Exposure. Impacts.
•Dispersion models: local, national, regional, global
•Exposure response functions: public health, man-made
environment (agriculture, materials), natural environment
•Critical loads
•Reseptor at risk data
Step 3. Damages
•Market prices
•“Willingness to Pay” - studies
Eco-costs/Value ratio
250
Eco-costs (€)
retail
200
distribution
150
100
marketing
assembly
components
50
0
0
200
400
Value (€)
600
800
Eco-costs
• The costs to prevent polluting emissions (to the air,
water and ground), during the life cycle, at a sustainable
level of earth’s carrying capacity
• The eco-costs of materials, taking into account the ratio
of recycling
• The cost of energy at the price level of sustainable
energy
• The eco-costs related to the costs of labour
• The depreciation of the eco-costs of production facilities
Cost-effectiveness Analysis (CEA)
• Derivation of CBA
• Determines the least cost option of attaining a
predefined target
• Benefits are not expressed in monetary terms
Function-based approach (FBA)
“Human needs should be met
by products and services that
are aimed at specific ‘functions’
such as food, shelter and
mobility, and that are provided
through optimized consumption
and production systems that do
not exceed the capacity of the
ecosystem.”
Life Cycle Initiative Brochure,
UNEP / SETAC, ‘International
Partnership’, 2003.
Function Based Approach: Example
Need area or function
Shelter
Food
Mobility
Personal care
Leisure
Clothing
Education
Total
Direct and indirect
energy use per person*
39%
18%
18%
9%
8%
6%
2%
100%
*Average for Groningen/ the Netherlands as reported by Tukker (2003)
Material Flow Accounting
Material Flow Accounting (MFA) refers to accounting in
physical units (usually in tons); the life cycle of materials in
a given location (i.e., substances, raw materials, products,
wastes).
Examples of flow accountings are:
• Eco-toxic substances that may cause environmental
problems
• Nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphates due to their
critical influence over eutrophication
• Aluminium, the economic use, recycling and reuse of which
are to be improved
Ecological Rucksack and MIPS
• Ecological Rucksack: “The total weight of
material flow ‘carried by’ an item if consumption
in the course of its life cycle.”
• MIPS (Materials Intensity per service unit): An
indicator based on the material flow and the
number of services provided.
• Reducing MIPS is equivalent to increasing
resource productivity
Ecological
Rucksack
Diagram
Some other ecological rucksacks
•Coffee maker 298 kg
•toothbrush about 1.5 kg
•plastic bucket 26 kg
•silver chain 20 kg
•12 wine glasses 6 kg
•5-gram gold ring 2000 kg
•wooden beads 0.5 kg
(Simonen 1999)
Plastic or Cotton Bag?
•The plastic bag (PE plastic, 18 g) has the following ecological
rucksack: abiotic and biotic material 0.1 kg, water 1.17 kg, air
0.04 kg, earth 0 g.
•The cotton bag (54 g) has the following ecological rucksack:
abiotic and biotic material 1.277 kg, water 214.704 kg, air
0.216 kg, earth 3.402 g. (Vähä-Jaakkola 1999, Wuppertal
Institute)
•If you use the cotton bag for a year and buy a plastic bag once
per day, which is the better buy?
•Use the Ecological Rucksack to determine the solution
Factor 4 and Factor 10
• Factor 4: the idea that resource productivity should be
quadrupled so that wealth is doubled and resource use
is cut in half. “Doing more with less.” Result: substantial
macroeconomic gains.
• Factor 10: per capita materials flows in OECD countries
should be cut by a factor of ten. Requirement to be
able to live sustainably in the next 25-50 years.
• Note: technology for Factor 4 already exists!!
• Factor x: Going beyond Factor 4 and Factor 10
Material Flow Accounting (MFA) approaches
Specifies pathways of materials in, out and through the
economy of a nation, a region, a community, business
sector, company or household
Two approaches:
1. The flow of bulk materials – industrial metabolism (bMFA = bulk Material Flow Analysis
2. The flows of a single substance or a group of
substances (SFA = Substance Flow Analysis
MFA – main characteristics
• Limited by a given region or a given period in
time
• Cradle-to-grave approach
• Works well for a number of policy questions
MFA - applications
• The bookkeeping of bulk materials and
substance flows: monitoring, accounting,
inventories
• Modelling of bulk material flows and stocks to
assess the origins of pollution, the fate of certain
inflows, future trends in flows and stocks
Cumulative Energy Requirements
Analysis (CERA)
CERA states the entire demand valued as primary
energy which arises in connection with the
production, use and disposal of an economic
good (product or service)
Limited formal recognition – documentation only in
Germany
Model of CERA
CERA = CERAp + CERAu + CERAd
CERA – cumulative energy requirements of the economical good
CERAp - cumulative energy requirements for the production
CERAu - cumulative energy requirements for the use
CERAd - cumulative energy requirements for the disposal
Issues in CERA
• Related materials expenditures
• Selection of materials and process technology with
respect to energy criteria
• Relevance of the treatment of used goods through
energetic exploitation and disposal, recycling of parts,
components and materials under energy aspects
• The influence of the service life of energy consuming
or energy converting economic goods under energy
aspects
• The emissions related to energy conversions during
production, use and disposal
Environmental Input-Output
Analysis (env. IOA)
• IOA: Wassily Leontief 1930s, focusing on
industrial trades
• Env. IOA: extension of IOA to consider pollution
generation and abatement activities
• Requires very detailed data
Categories of env. IOA
• Generalised Input-Output Models: technical
coefficients matrix reflecting also pollution generation
and abatement activities
• Economic-Ecological Models: extension of the interindustry framework to include ‘ecosystem’ sectors
• Commodity-by-Industry Models: environmental
factors are expressed as commodities ‘tarbed’ in a
commodity-by-industry input-output table
2.3. Procedural tools
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Environmental Management Systems
Environmental Audit
Eco-design
Supply chain management
Environmental Audit
Environmental Performance Review (E P R)
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Total Quality Environmental Management (TQEM)
Environmental Management Systems
• An environmental management system (EMS) is a
means of ensuring effective implementation of an EM
plan or procedures in compliance with environmental
policy objectives.
• A key feature on any effective EMS is the preparation of
documented system procedures and to ensure effective
communication and continuity of implementation.
• There are certification systems for EMS as the ISO
14001 and EC EMAS scheme.
• Ongoing development towards product-orientated
management systems (POEMS).
Environmental Management
System: principles
• How can an organisation formulate an
environmental policy and objectives, considering
legislative requirements and information about
significant environmental impacts?
• Continual environmental improvement of the
organisation
• ISO 14001
Environmental Management
System: steps
Environmental
policy
Management
review
Checking and
corrective actions
Planning
Implementation
and operation
Eco-design (= Life Cycle Design)
• Integration of environemtal aspects into the
familiar product development process
• Step-by.step plan that goes through all stages (7
steps) in product development
• Win-win situation: benefits for both business and
the environment
• Promoted by UNEP, 1997
Eco-design
Looks at the relation between a product and the environment.
Some common propositions about eco-design or Design for
Environment (DfE) include:
• captures the environmental impacts of the whole productionconsumption chain;
• 60% to 80% of life-cycle impacts from products are
determined at the design stage;
• DfE is to develop generic, company and product independent
standards (under ISO TC207)
• way to engage business interest and action because it
focuses on the products' market vulnerability.
Eco-design: Key message
To introduce the environmental parameter
into the design of products, processes and/or activities
in an effective manner
The environmental parameter becomes a
business opportunity!
Eco-design: Changes in the product
development procedure
1. Adjustment of the requirements
(specifications) of the product, process or activity
2. Realisation of corresponding LCA or other
analysis tools to identify weak points
3. Development of Eco-design guidebook
Eco-design: Prioritisation Matrix
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Environmental
Advantages
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Category 3:
Environmental benefits
Technical and economic problems
Category 1:
Environmental benefits
Technical and economic feasibility
Category 4:
Few environmental improvements
Technical and economic problems
Category 2:
Few environmental improvements
Technical and economic feasibility
Technical and Economic feasibility
+
Category 1: Highly recommended to carry out in short term.
Category 2: Can be incorporated: the more the better.
Category 3: Need further improvements.
Category 4: Will be sorted out.
Eco-design: Example 1
- Humidity catchers
Eco-design: Example 2
– Clothes from recycled material
Environmental audit
• Checking of the Environmental Management
Systems
• ISO 14.010 sets out the principles and rules for
an internal and external auditing of EMS
Environmental Performance
Evaluation
• Provides guidelines for the choice, monitoring and
control of environmental indicators representing the
performance of a company
• Supports internal decision making
• Three indicator categories: (1) environmental condition
indicators, (2) operational performance indicators, (3)
managements performance indicators
Supply chain management
• Companies as customers can influence their
suppliers to respect certain sustainability
requirements with regard to the product they
procure.
• Greening the supply chain.
Environmental Impact Assessment
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Evaluation of effects related to a specific project
Location-specific
Comparison of alternatives
Three types: (1) strategic EIAs, (2) project EIAs,
(3) location EIAs
Total Quality Environmental
Management (TQEM)
• Expansion of TQM programmes
Four basic elements:
1. Customer Identification – environmental quality is
determined by customer preferences
2. Continuous Improvement – involves all employees
3. Doing the job right the first time – prevention of
environmental risks
4. Taking a System approach – to design all
components so that they function together, and
support each other in achieving desired goals
2.4. Communication tools
• Consumer Communication and Marketing
• Eco-labelling
• Multi-stakeholder dialogue
Consumer Communication
Opportunities for the consumer to make a change:
• Conscious purchasing
• Consumer´s power (voting with the pocket, activism)
• Waste separation, water, energy, etc.
• Buy eco-efficient products (saving)
• Quality of life versus consumerism
• Sustainable life styles
Crucial role of retail sector
Eco-labelling
Type I (ISO 14024) - third party certification labels: claims
are based on criteria set by a third part. Examples include the
EC Eco-Label, Nordic Swan and the German Blue Angel;
Type II (ISO 14021) – self certified labels claims are based
on specific declarations by manufacturers or retailers.
Numerous examples e.g. ‘made from X% recycled material’;
Type III (ISO /TR 1425) – Environmental Product Declarations
or LCA based labels are claims consist of quantified products
information base on life cycle impacts.
 Single issue labelling schemes such as the private Forest
Stewardship Council (FSC) and organic food labels do not fall
within any of the categories but are partially converted by ISO 14020 –
General Guidelines for Environmental Claims and Declarations.
Eco-labelling: Examples
Multi-stakeholder dialogue
• Changes of the supply chain need often multistakeholder dialogue to allow that several
players act together with the same aim.
Voluntary agreements
• Commitments undertaken by firms or by
industrial organisations to deal with
environmental problems
• The agreements are made with or recognised by
public authorities
2.5. Product Sustainability Toolbox
Change
Applications
Tools
Data
Product Sustainability Toolbox
Applications
 Material, Process and Product Comparison
 Investment Decision Support
 Strategic Planning
 Marketing, Customer and Regulatory
Compliance
 Weak Point Analysis
 Benchmarking
Product Sustainability Toolbox
Tools
 ERA, LCA, MFA, FBA
 Eco-design/ DfE
 Eco-labelling: Type I, II, III
 Supply Chain Management
 Multi-stakeholder dialogue
 Consumer Communication
 and more...
3. Policies and instruments
• Integrated Product Policy
• Sustainable Procurement
• Policy instruments to encourage SCP
Traditional life cycle view of policy
Resource
Inputs
Minimise
waste
Production
Use/
Consumption
End of life/
disposal
Maximise
efficiency
Traditional
focus of
governments
Traditional
focus of
governments
Integrated Product Policy (IPP)
• Life-Cycle Thinking – cumulative environmental impacts - from
the “cradle to the grave”.
• Working with the market – setting incentives so that the market
moves in a more sustainable direction by encouraging the supply
and demand of greener products.
• Stakeholder Involvement – it aims to encourage all those who
come into contact with the product
• Continuous Improvement – improvements can often be made to
decrease a product’s environmental impacts
• A Variety of Policy Instruments – the IPP approach requires a
number of different instruments because there are such a variety
of products and different stakeholders.
Sustainable Procurement
Sustainable procurement is the process in which organisations
buy supplies or services by taking into account:
– the best value for money considerations such as, price,
quality, availability, functionality, etc.;
– environmental aspects ("green procurement": the effects on
the environment that the product and/or service has over its
whole lifecycle, from cradle to the crave);
– the entire Life Cycle of products;
– social aspects: effects on issues such as poverty
eradication, international equity in the distribution of
resources, labour conditions, human rights.
Policy instruments
to encourage SCP
 Regulatory: standards, norms, EPR (environmental
performance reviews), labelling, (enforcement)
 Economic instruments: taxes, subsidies,credits,
financial incentives, etc.
 Social: awareness raising, education, information,
voluntary initiatives
 Others: indicators, green accounting...
Policies and Instruments for SCP
Government Policy Instruments for Waste Prevention and Management
Production
Patterns
Household
Consumption Patterns
Waste generation
and collection
Economic Tools
* Tax on packaging
* Economic
incentives for cleaner
production and waste
prevention.
Economic Tools
*Deposit-refund
schemes
* Taxes on
disposable products
and packaging.
Economic Tools
* Waste fees & taxes
* Pays as you throw
Regulatory Tools
* Environmental
Standards.
* Eco-labelling
Regulatory tools
*Eco-labelling
Voluntary
Approaches and
Technological
Innovation
* Triple bottom line
* Eco-design
* De-materialisation
* Shift from products
to services.
*Source: OECD, 2002.
Social Tools
* Environmental
Education
* Information on
green purchasing
* Support to
voluntary initiatives.
Regulatory tools
* Extended Producer
Responsibility
* Regulation on
waste collection and
recycling schemes
* Provision of
infrastructure for
recycling
Social Tools
* Information on
recycling schemes
*. Support to
voluntary initiatives
Waste Management
Systems
Economic Tools
* Taxes on
landfilling and
incineration.
Regulatory tools
* Framework based
on waste hierarchy
* Environmental
regulation on waste
management
* Bans on landfilling
* Target for reducing
landfilling and
incineration of waste
* Targets to increase
recycling rates
Technology
innovation
* Energy recovery
incinerators.
* Cleaner technology