Transcript Self, perception and communication

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Self, perception and
communication
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A Little Revision:
Self-sabotage or self-fulfillment
■ “You are what you think”; thoughts are the seeds
of actions.
■ The true sabotage lies within communication
with oneself, in thoughts and in words
■ Intra personal communication is the
communication is the communication you have
with yourself about yourself and others.
(Perkins, page 2-3)
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Perception of ourselves
■ The question “Who am I?” is complex.
■ How others treat us affect how we view
ourselves.
■ Who we perceive ourselves to be is determined
by our experiences and communication with
others.
■ Communication with oneself is the basis of all
other communication experiences.
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Perception and ourselves
■ Our self concept or self identity is our perceived
self, which consists of an organised collection of
beliefs and attitudes about the self.
■ This include the roles and values we have
selected for ourselves, and how we believe
others see us.
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Understanding self concept
■ Self concept consists of 2 subcomponents,
closely related:
1. Self image
The mental picture of self
2. Self-esteem
Our feelings and attitudes towards ourselves
including our evaluation of ourselves
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Self-concept as a process
■ Communication is a dynamic process and so is
our self-concept.
■ Self perception and the perception of others
have of us differ from time to time, from situation
to situation and from person to person
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Self-concept and communication
■ The perception we believe others have on us
affect our communication.
■ Our view of ourselves influences how we
communicate with others.
■ Communication and self concept are
inseparable and both involve process.
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Perception
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Sensation and perception
■ How do our brain register “what is out there”?
■ What other senses do we use to register the
amazing world?
■ How do we see, smell, hear, feel and taste?
■ Are there other “extra-sensory” preceptors?
■ How are we aware of our bodies?
■ How are we aware of other people?
■ Are we aware of everything around us?
Sensation
■ Psychologists define sensation as the registration of
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properties of an object or event that occurs when a type
of receptor ( as the retina and the skin) is stimulated
(Kosslynn and Rosenberg, 2006)
Sensation arise when enough physical energy strikes
the sense organ, so that the receptor cells send neural
impulses to the brain.
In other words, sensation is the process that yields our
immediate experience of the stimuli in our environment
(Gerow, 1997)
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Other senses
■ Vestibular sense: tells us about balance, about where we
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are in relation to gravity and about acceleration/
deceleration.
Kinesthetic sense: tells us the about the movement or
position of our muscles and joints.
Pain: a special sense
Subliminal perception
Extra-sensory perception
Sensation and Perception
■ If all of us receive the same stimuli from our
senses, are our perception the same too?
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Perception
■ Perception occurs when you organized and
interpreted the sensory input as signaling a
particular object or event .
■ Perception relies on two phases of processing:
(1) Organization into coherent unit
(2) Identifying what and where
Perception
■ Perception is the process of selectively attending to
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information and assigning meaning to it. (Verderber and
Verderber, 2005)
The process of selecting, organizing and interpreting
sensory information ( Huffman, 2007)
The brain select the information it receives from our
sense organs, organizes the information selected,
interprets and evaluates it . (Verderber and Verderber,
2005)
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Perception
■ Perception involves selecting, organizing and
interpreting information in order to give personal
meaning to the communication we receive (
Seiler and Beall, 2008; page 30)
■ What we perceive about ourselves, objects and
others give meanings to our experiences.
■ It is these meanings, based on our perceptions
that we communicate to others.
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Perception
■ Perception may sounds simple but it is actually a
very complex process.
■ If not understood, will lead to
miscommunications.
■ The process of perception starts with
awareness and then followed by perception
formation.
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Perception: Awareness
■ Being aware of what is going on, and taking in
the sights, sounds, smells etc., can only occur
when we are paying attention to them
■ Do you think that if we are in the same room, we
are aware of the same things?
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Perception: Perception Formation
■ The way our mind filters and sorts information has a
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deep effect on how we perceive others, how we talk to
them and how they respond to us.
Each of us organise and interprets the world differently.
Psychologists use the term cognitive complexity to
explain how our minds process and store information.
Children has simple processing information system
whereas adults have complex processing systems.
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The Nature of Perception
■ Lack of information on how perception works
leads to miscommunications; including
misjudgments of other people’s behaviours and
ideas.
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The Nature of Perception
■ Does our brains absorb information like the
camera?
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The Nature of Perception: Selection
■ There is too much information- so the brain
selects.
■ We are exposed to millions of bits of information,
at one time, but the mind can process only a
small fraction.
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How do we select?
■ On the conscious and subconscious level, the
brain selects information based on needs,
interests and expectations.
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Needs, Interests and Expectations
■ We are likely to pay attention to information that
meets our needs – of all types.
■ We pay attention to things or people which/ who
are of our interest.
■ We are likely to see what we are expected to
see and to miss information which violates our
expectations.
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How do we select?
■ We choose to experience or not experience
certain things is called selective exposure.
■ Focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring or
paying less attention to other stimuli is called
selective attention.
■ Selecting to remember certain stimuli but no
others is called selective retention.
■ Selection is the sorting of stimuli from another.
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The nature of perception: Organization
■ Imagine when you walk into a room filled with
people.
■ Organization is categorizing of stimuli from the
environment in order to make sense of it.
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The role of experience
How do we organize information?
■ Closure: filling in missing information so as to form a
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complete picture
Proximity : Grouping of two or more stimuli that are close
to one another, based on assumption that because the
objects or people appear together, they are basically the
same.
Similarity ( or pattern) : the grouping of stimuli that
resemble one another in size, shape, colour or other
traits
Simplicity
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The Nature of Perception : Interpretation
■ Interpretation is the process of assigning
meaning to the stimuli.
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How do we interpret?
■ Past experience
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How do we interpret?
■ New information
■ Based on other people’s opinions
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Improving perception
■ Recognise the uniqueness of each person frame of
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reference and therefore always question the accuracy of
our perception.
Be an active perceiver: Seek more information
Realize that perception change over time
Distinguish facts from inferences.
Aware of the role of perceptions play in communication.
Keep an open mind
Perception checking
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Conclusion
■ Perception is the process of selecting, organizing and
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interpreting information in order to give meaning( or
make sense of the situation).
Perception is being influenced by many factors such as
experience, culture, gender, context, etc
To improve communication we must remember that
perception is seldom the same for everyone; our
perception is one of the many possibilities.
Make efforts to improve our perception.
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References:
■ Seiler, W. J and Beall, M. L ( 2008). Communication.
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Making Connections ( 7th ed). Boston: Pearson
Perkins,P. S ( 2008). The Art and Science of
Communication. Tools for Effective Communication in
the Work Place. New Jersey: Wiley.
Hybels, S., and Weaver II, R. L ( 2004). Communcating
Effectively ( 7th ed). Boston: Mc Graw Hill
Verderber, R. F. and Verderber, K.S (2005)
Communicate( 11th ed). CA: Thomson/Wadsworth
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References
■ Aamodt, M.G (2007). Industrial /organizational
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psychology. An applied approach. Belmont, CA:
Thomson
Kosslynn & Rosenberg ( 2006). Psychology in Context
(3rd ed). Boston, MA: Pearson International edition.
Gerow, G. R ( 1997). Psychology. An Introduction (5th
ed). New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers Inc.
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