Transcript Modeling of Power Generation Pollutant Emissions Based on

Steven Jin, P.E.
The 4th IGCC
June 27, 2013
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• Many water delivery systems do not
own enough storage capacity.
• They adjust pumping to roughly
match the water system demand
variations.
• More water is pumped during peak
hour periods and less water is
pumped during off-peak hours.
1. Pumping &
Water Storage
Optimization
2. Energy Use
Changes
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•
•
•
•
DWSD (1993, 2007)
City of Pontiac (2009)
Monroe (GLPF, 2011)
Oakland County (2012)
Other Studies
• Adding more water storage would
reduce on-peak pumping requirements.
• Pumps can be run at constant or near
constant rates for both on-peak and
off-peak periods.
• That reduces energy costs by
minimizing the electrical demand
charge.
1. Pumping &
Water Storage
Optimization
2. Energy
Use Changes
3. Pollutant
Emission
Reduction
• 40% of total U.S. CO2 emission
produced by electricity generation
• Water delivery energy: 3% of the
nation’s electricity consumption
* University of Michigan Center for Sustainable System factsheets (online).
• Service Area –
1,000 square miles
(population near 4
Million).
• 2012 average
water demand 556 MGD.
• 2012 maximum
day demand - 960
MGD.
• 5 Water Treatment
Plants
• 20 Pumping Stations
• Over 3,840 mi Water
Main
• Serve City of Detroit
• Serve 127 Communities
(Distribution Systems)
• Select 12 Largest
Distribution
Systems with No
Storage (1/4 total
DWSD demand).
• DWSD Directly
Pumping to Supply
Peak Hour Demands
• Cyber water storages
were added model (5
groups).
• Peak hour pumping
reduction was
investigated by
modeling.
• On-peak water demand hours overlap
all or part of the on-peak electrical
demand hours.
• With optimal water storage, on-peak
pumping requirements can be shifted
to off-peak hours.
• Using hydraulic model to simulate
how water storage can help.
• Nuclear and renewable power
plants can only be operated as a
base plant (not as a peaking
plant).
• Nuclear/renewable plants emit no
CO2.
• Peaking plants are required to be
started or shut off quickly.
• Peaking plants are powered by
natural gas & fuel oil.
• Relative to other fuels, nuclear or
renewable fuels are cheaper.
• During low electrical demand
hours, marginal power plants
might be nuclear or renewable fuel
type.
• Shifting on-peak electrical demand
reduce energy cost and CO2
emission.
*LMP method, by T. H. Carter, 2011 based on the studies using MISO’s data
• Using the LMP method to find
hourly marginal generation types.
• Using data in EPA’s eGRID to
calculate pollution emission
factors (in lbs/kWh).
• CO2 Emission Rate for Coal fuel
Generation is 2.07 (lbs/kWh)
Energy Reduction x Emission Rate
= CO2 Emission Reduction
= 27,757 (kWh) x 2.07 (lbs/kWh)
= 57,457 (lbs, or 26.1 tonnes)
Verify the approach
• Serving a
population of
50,000
• 2012 average
water demand
6.8 MGD
• 2012 maximum
day demand
11.4 MGD
Night/Morning Filling (MG)
Day-time Draining (MG)
Evening Filling (MG)
1.05
1.13
0.08
Energy Reduction x Emission Rate
= CO2 Reduction
= 1,754 (kWh) x 2.07 (lbs/kWh)
= 3,631 (lbs, or 1.65 tonnes)
1. Pumping &
Water Storage
Optimization
2. Energy
Use Changes
3. Pollutant
Emission
Reduction
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