Transcript Aftermath of WWI - World History with Ms. Byrne

Aftermath of WWI
The Rise of Nationalism
Nationalism in the Middle East
Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire
• The Ottoman Empire had been
steadily growing weaker in the
19th century, with the lost of
territories like Greece and
Egypt
• After Ottoman Empire allied
with the Central Powers, the
British tried to undermine them
by encouraging Arab
nationalism
• T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of
Arabia) supported Arab
independence
• Ottoman Empire eventually
made peace with the Allies in
October 1918, after 300,000
deaths
Armenian Genocide
• Ottoman Turks alienated the Allies
with the oppressive policies
towards minorities, especially
Armenians
• 1915  Ottoman Empire accused
Armenians of supporting the
Russians and used the allegations
to kill and exile all Armenians
• Within 7 months, 600,000
Armenians were killed; 500,000
were deported  400,000 of the
deportees died marching through
the deserts and swamps of Syria
• Genocide  deliberate mass
murder of a particular racial,
political, or cultural group
– Later became known as ethnic
cleansing
The Turkish Republic
• After the collapse of the Ottoman
Empire, France and Britain made
plans to divide up the empire
– Only Turkey remained under Ottoman
control
• Greece invaded Turkey and
seized parts of the Anatolian
Peninsula
• Colonel Mustafa Kemel 
summoned a national Congress
which called for the creation of an
elected government and a
republic of Turkey
• 1923  last Ottoman sultan fled
the nation and Turkey officially
became a republic
Middle East Changes
• Modernization of Turkey  President
Kemel became known as Atatürk
(father turk)
– Eliminated Arab elements from Turkish
language, citizens had to adopt a last
name, established factories using a fiveyear plan, tried to break from Islam by
turning Turkey into a secular state
• Beginnings of a modern Iran
– Growing foreign influence led to a
Persian nationalist movement
– 1921  Reza Khan established himself
as shah (king), became known as Reza
Shah Pahlavi
– Introduced reforms into Persia to
modernize the military, government, and
economic system
– Nation became known as Iran in 1935
Arab Nationalism
• Arabs, although united by a
similar language and heritage,
were not a nation
• Mandate system following WWI
led to foreign rule over Arab
states of Palestine, Iraq, Syria,
and Lebanon
• Ibn Saud  reform leader that
united Arabs in the northern part
of Arabian Peninsula
– Established Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
in 1932
• Discovery of oil soon made the
new nation wealthy
Problem of Palestine
• Jews were forced out of
Palestine in the 1st century CE
• Muslim Arabs made up 80% of
population
• Since 1890s, Zionist movement
wanted Palestine to be the home
of the Jews, as the ancient state
of Israel was there
• Balfour Declaration  Issued by
the British; expressed support for
a national home for the Jews in
Palestine
– Jews began to flee to Palestine,
causing tension between them and
the Arab population
Nationalism in Africa and Asia
African Independence Movements
• Which the education
received by missionaries
and knowledge learned
during WWI, Africans began
to protest against European
colonial rule
• Nigeria  king of Lagos and
educated Africans wanted a
democratic government
• Kenya  Issues concerned
the redistribution of land
– Kikuyu (protest group) on
intent on blocking further land
confiscation
• Libya  Omar Mukhtar used
Guerilla forces to wage war
against the Italians
New Leaders
• Influenced by the ideas of
Americans W.E.B. Du Bois and
Marcus Garvey
• Du Bois encouraged the
awareness of cultural heritage and
Garvey stressed the importance of
Pan-Africanism (unity of all
Africans)
• Jomo Kenyatta argued that British
rule was destroying the traditional
culture of the peoples of Africa
• Léopold Senghor organized an
independence movement in
Senegal
• Nnamdi Azikiwe, of Nigeria, urged
non-violence for independence
Revolution in Asia
• Lenin spread the words of
Karl Marx throughout Asia
using the Communist
International, Comintern
• In French Indochina,
Communist parties worked
with the Nationalist parties to
get rid of European rule
• Ho Chi Minh organized the
Vietnamese Communists in
the 1920s
• Communist parties also
formed in China
Indian Independence
• Mohandas Gandhi was
active in the Indian
National Congress and
the movement towards
independence before
WWI
– Became known as
Mahatma, or “Great Soul”
• Gandhi left South Africa
in 1914 and returned to
India
• Used civil disobedience
 refusal to obey laws
considered to be unjust
Amritsar Massacre
• A group of over one thousand Indians gathered
in Amritsar of a peaceful protest of British rule on
April 13, 1919
• 50 Indian Army soldiers, led by General Dyer,
opened fire on the unarmed Indians
• The Indians could not escape from the shooting,
so men, women, and children were all killed
• An estimated 400 were killed and 1,100 were
injured
Push for Independence
• 1935  Government of India
Act, a British act that allowed for
more Indians in government
• Motilal Nehru, leader of the
Indian National Congress (INC)
wanted full independence
• Gandhi practiced non-violence
to gain independence
– “Don’t pay your taxes or send your
children to a British supported
school… make your own cotton
cloth by spinning the thread at
home, and don’t buy English-made
goods. Provide yourself with
home-made salt and do not buy
government-made salt”
Salt March
• British had increased the
salt tax and prohibited the
Indians from
manufacturing or
harvesting their own salt
• 1930  Gandhi
organized followers to
march from Ahmedabad
to Dandi
• It took 24 days and lasted
for 240 miles
• Gandhi was arrested at
the Dharasana Salt
Works for producing salt
and breaking the law
New Leaders and Problems
• Jawaharlal Nehru began leader of the INC
in the 1930s
• Indian independence movement split into
two paths  one following Gandhi
(religious, traditional, and Indian), on
following Nehru (secular, modern, and
western)
• Hostility between Hindus and Muslims was
growing
• Muslims were dissatisfied with the Hindu
dominance of the INC
• Muslim League, led by Mohammad Ali
Jinnah, believed in the creation of a
separate Muslim state in Pakistan
• Hostility eventually led to the
assassination of Gandhi by a Hindu
nationalist who believed Gandhi was
weakening India by giving into Muslim
demands
Militarist Japan
• Zaibatsu Economy  various
manufacturing processes were
concentrated within a single
large financial and industrial
corporation
• By 1937, four large zaibatsu
controlled almost all of the
banking, mining, shipbuilding,
and paper manufacturing in
Japan
• This led to economic inequalities
• Inflation in food prices and rapid
population increases after WWI
led to food shortages
• Hardships led to a call for a
return to traditional Japanese
values
Japan and the West
• In the early 20th century, Japan
had difficulty finding sources of
raw materials and foreign
markets
• Before WWI, it used to seize
territories like Taiwan, Korea,
and Manchuria
• 1922  United States held a
major conference of nations with
interests in the Pacific
– Resulted in a nine-power treaty
which recognized territorial integrity
of China and the maintenance of the
Open Door Policy; Japan agreed as
long as they maintained southern
Manchuria
Rise of Militarism
• By the end of the 1920s, a
militant group within the
ruling party gained control
of the political system
• Made up of civilians who
were convinced that the
Western ideas had
corrupted the
parliamentary system and
others were military
members angered by the
cuts in military spending
and the government’s
pacifism
Rise of Militarism
• Civilians began to form extremist
patriotic organizations, like the
Black Dragon Society
• A group of middle-level army
officers invaded Manchuria in 1931
– Japanese government opposed the
conquest
• Emperor Hirohito put Japan on
wartime status and a military draft
law was passed in 1938
• Political parties were all merged
into Imperial Rule Assistance
Association
• Education and culture were purged
of all western ideas and militant
leaders stressed Japanese
traditions
Revolutionary Chaos in China