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EFFECT OF INCORPORATING “OXYDOL®” IN WHITE
SHRIMP FARMING PONDS Litopenaeus vannamei
OVER PRODUCTION AND PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
PARAMETERS
MARCELO ATEHORTUA HERRERA
Zootechnical Veterinarian Doctor
BIOPHARM S.A.
Panamá
Atlanta, January 29, 2013
EFFECT OF INCORPORATING “OXYDOL®” IN WHITE
SHRIMP FARMING PONDS Litopenaeus vannamei
OVER PRODUCTION AND PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL
PARAMETERS
Points to consider:
1. Basic parameters on handling of ponds.
2. Dynamics of carbon in aquiculture .
3. Use of OXYDOL® for production of shrimps.
4. Field results and economical analysis.
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
BASIC PARAMETERS ON HANDLING OF
AQUACULTURAL PONDS
WATER REPLACEMENT
Amount of oxigen dissolved
Evaporation and filtering
Water temperature
Coloring
Salinity
Turbidity
pH
BASIC PARAMETERS ON HANDLING OF
AQUACULTURAL PONDS
TEMPERATURE
Water temperature shall be between 25 and 32°C,
being the optimal between 29 and31°C (Yoong Basurto y
Reinoso Naranjo, 1982).
SALINITY
It can range between 28 and33 ppt (parts by thousand)
(Cuellar, Lara, Morales, De Gracia 2010).
BASIC PARAMETERS ON HANDLING OF
AQUACULTURAL PONDS
AMOUNT OF OXYGEN DISSOLVED
Normal concentrations range between 4 and 7 ppm (mg/L).
pH
Optimal pH range is between 7.0 y 8.0 (Cuellar, Lara, Morales, De Gracia
2010).
BASIC PARAMETERS ON HANDLING OF
AQUACULTURAL PONDS
TURBIDITY, must be greater than 30 cm
COLOURING OF WATER
Pale green: Indicates adequate concentration of algae
Gray: Few algae in the pond, it is recommended more fertilization and
replacemente of water.
Moss green: Algae starts dying, it is required urgent need of water
replacement.
Brilliant green: High concentration of algae.
Brown: High amount of dead algae, probably there is lack of nutrients and
excess of metabolites.
BASIC PARAMETERS ON HANDLING OF
AQUACULTURAL PONDS
FEEDING
Take into consideration:
FEEDING FREQUENCY
It is convenient to feed the animals twice a day, in the morning
and in the afternoon..
BASIC PARAMETERS ON HANDLING OF
AQUACULTURAL PONDS
QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF FEEDING
Starts at 25 to 32 lb/ha/day with a 25 to 35% protein
(Dirección Nacional
de Acuicultura Panamá, 1984; CAMACO, 2013).
SUBSTRATUM
In general, penaeid live at soft mud bottoms, made by different
proportions of sand, slime and clay, burying themselves and protecting
from predators, mainly during the molting period; this behavior seems
to be regulated by factors such as light, temperature and concentration
of oxygen.
DYNAMICS OF CARBON IN AQUICULTURAL PONDS
 Carbon added is transformed in form of food or organic and
inorganic fertilization, due to the participation of physical, chemical and
biological activities.
 Intensive production is accompanied by increase of carbon input as
food, that in form of food exceeds the metabolic capacity of the pond,
resulting on the accumulation of organic composites and deterioration
to quality of the water.
 The greater output of carbon from the productive system is
associated with the escape of gas in form of CO₂. The main means of
CO₂ retention in the fish ponds is the phyoplankton.
DYNAMICS OF CARBON IN AQUICULTURE POND (continuation) .)
 Carbon in ponds is determined by the type of food, feeding practices,
specie farmed, water replacemenet, aeration, depth of the pond and
living microorganisms.
 Carbon, together with nitrogen and phosporus are required in greater
quantity at the different physical chemical reactions in the ponds.
 In the different metabolic processes occurring inside the ponds,
carbon participates practically in all reactions and is the most abundant
of all the organic molecules (Boyd, 1995).
Dynamics of Carbon
Food,
Phytoplakton,
Carbon entry.
Shrimps, fish,
aquiculture
Ecosystem
Organic material,
excreta,
moulting, water
deterioration
C, N and P, and
biochemical reactions
Sediment, Fertilizations
Land harvest
Organic material,
gas emission.
THE PROBLEM AT AQUICULTURAL PONDS
Organic material in the bottom of the ponds
Bad quality of water
Natural unbalance of the aquicultural ecosystem
THE PROBLEM WITH THE AQUICULTURAL PONDS
As a result of this vicious circle:
 quality of water deteriorates
 to control it, it is not possible to mecanically make a
sweep or cleaning of the ponds’ bottoms( favoring the
occurrence of bacteria and opportunistic virus that end up
affecting the population’s health in the lakes.)
 major economical loses to corporations occurr as a
result of the foregoing.
OXYDOL®
 Product designed based upon specific beneficial
bacteria, enzymes, organic catalitics, stabilizers and
potentiators for degradation of the organic material in the
bottom of lakes used in intensive production.
A bio secured alternative to improve aquicultural
ecosystems and the physical chemical quality of water in
production activities.
OXYDOL®. Benefits
 Accelerates the degradation process and decresing
organic waste.
Controls proliferation of algae in the environment
 Allows oxygenation of the
competing with other bacteria.
environment,
without
OXYDOL® Benefits (continuation)
Decreases concentration of ammonia, methane and sulphites in
water.
Restores the aquicultural chemistry by natural means increasing the
shrimps’ survivorship in ponds.
 Allows conducting specific works in ponds such as:
 Death corners, oxygen problems, control of algae growth, treatment of
charged waters, coloring, pigmentation in shrimps, significant decrease
of odors and tastes.
EFFECT OF INCORPORATING “OXYDOL®” IN WHITE SHRIMP
FARMING PONDS Litopenaeus vannamei ON PRODUCTION AND
PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS
The trial took place in Panama, with an important shrimp
company, to evaluate the effect OXYDOL® over the main
production variables in the farm.
 Evaluation conducted during a complete cultivation cycle
between May and November 2012 in 10 ponds, of area 700-A
in the area of Aguadulce.
GOAL OF THE TRIAL
To bio-remedy the bottom of the lake for intensive shrimp
production:
 Improving the physical chemical parameters of water;
 Controlling emission of harmful gas;
 Promoting adequate sanity, sustainability, zootechnical
production;
 Increasing profitability of aquicultural companies.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
(Shrimps and experimental units)
Shrimps used in the trial were obtained at the Larva Production Center
“C.P.L. San Carlos” (San Carlos, Panama) and were submitted to an
acclimatization process of 10 days, then transferred to 10 experimental
ponds at state of post-larva 22 (pl-22)
10 pounds were used (5 with OXYDOL® and 5 as Control) of 3 Has.
each one in the area 700-A of the farm, said ponds were selected by
similarity of size, type of bottoms, filling water and replacement water.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
(EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN AND TREATMENTS)
The trial was conducted based upon a design of
blocks totally at random, grouping ponds to form
two treatments:
 OXYDOL ® treatment ponds 721 to 725 (5 replicas)
 Control treatment: ponds 716 to 720 (5 replicas)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
(PRODUCTION PARAMETERS TO EVALUATE)
Physical chemical parameters (dissolved oxygen [OD in
mg/L], temperature [in °C], salinity [in ppt] and pH)
Survivorship (%)
Production in pounds by hectare (lb/ha)
Food conversion factor (FC)
Weight of harvest (Weight g)
Weekly growth (Growth gr)
Cost-benefit relationship ($)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
(HANDLING OF PONDS)
A preparation and filling protocol of the 10 ponds was routinaley used in the
farm. Shrimps were planted in all the ponds with an average density of 15 15
pls/m2. Fertilization in water was made with ammonia Nitrate, according with
the farm’s protocol (15-25 lb/ha).
The post-larva pl-22, were fed during the whole cycle (200-209 days) twice a
day by scattering standarized diet for both treatments, using “witnesses
feeders” as guides. The ponds were kept closed with no water replacement
during the first 30 cultivation days.
OXYDOL®, Application protocol
Dilute 1 Kilogram of OXYDOL® in 19 liters of water (free of chlorine)
OXYDOL® Application
Aplicación
®
OXYDOL® Dose
OXYDOL
®
Initiation of cycle Dosis
(Sowing)OXYDOL
2 Liters / Hectare
15 days
1 Liter / Hectare
30 days
1 Liter / Hectare
60 days
1 Liter / Hectare
MATERIALS AND METHODS
(REGISTRY OF DATA AND INFORMATION
ANALYSIS)
Weekly sampling of weight, data of physical chemical parameters was
collected in the farm according to protocol for each one of them ( (OD and T,
twice a day; salinity and pH once a week)
Production values were provided by ALTRIX DE PANAMA processing plant. .
Data was statistically analyzed by ANOVA, Duncan y Chi trials aligned with
the SAS program, considering the differences as signicant when P 0.05. The
Chi trial aligned was applied only to FC, for being a non parametric variable.
CAMARONERA DE COCLE S.A.
REPORT OXYDOL HARVEST
Y
.
OXYDOL
Pond
Has.
721-48
Lbs/ Ha
Dens
F.
Feed lb
F/C
Grwt
8,951
2,984
5.43
29,000
3.24
0.86
150,165
24.22 8,011
2,670
5.01
32,255
4.03 0.86
34
153,468
24.95 8,434
2,811
5.12
22,725
2.69 0.86
15.00
39
176,541
20.28 7,886
2,629
5.88
27,850
3.53
15.00
45
201,984
20.09 8,938
2,979
6.73
26,865
3.01 0.71
15.0
38
845,033
22.68 42,220
2,815
5.63
138,695
3.29
0.79
Weight Lbs.
Lbs/ Ha
Dens
F.
Feed lb
F/C
Grwt
Sowing
3.00
Days Pl´s sowingDens %Svb Harvest
s
11-may-12 30-nov-12 203
450,000 15.00 36
162,876
24.95
722-48
3.00
15-may-12 29-nov-12 198
450,000
15.00
33
723-48
3.00
11-may-12 30-nov-12 203
450,000
15.00
724-48
3.00
15-may-12 30-nov-12 199
450,000
725-48
3.00
15-may-12 30-nov-12 199
450,000
2,250,000
15.00
200
Pond
Has.
Sowing
F.
Sample
Days Pl´s sowingDens %Svb Harvest
Weight Lbs.
0.71
716-48
3.00
01-may-12 29-nov-12 212
450,000
15.00
27
122,083
25.92 6,970
2,323
4.07
32,725
4.70 0.86
CONTROL 717-48
3.00
05-may-12 29-nov-12 208
450,000
15.00
25
111,317
26.20 6,424
2,141
3.71
23,865
3.71 0.88
718-48
3.00
05-may-12 29-nov-12 208
450,000
15.00
30
136,370 24.00 7,209
2,403
4.55
23,155
3.21 0.81
719-48
3.00
05-may-12 29-nov-12 208
450,000
15.00
36
161,710
23.67 8,431
2,810
5.39
29,510
3.50 0.80
720-48
3.00
05-may-12 29-nov-12 208
450,000
15.00
26
119,220 28.02 7,358
2,453
3.97
28,825
3.92 0.94
2,250,000
15.0
29
650,699 25.39 36,392
2,426
4.34
138,080
2.79
15.00
209
0.85
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Production media by treatment and statistics calculated for each variable.
Treatrment
®
Oxydol
Control
Diference (%)
P
CV
n
5
5
------Standard deviation --Media
---
Sup %
a
37.56
b
28.92
+29.9
0.0170
13.7
4.55
33.24
Weight g Lb/ha
FC Grwt g
a
a
22.90 2,815 3.30
0.80
a
b
a
a
25.56 2,426 3.81
0.86
-11.6
+16
-15.5
-7.5
0.0876 0.0190 0.670 0.2380
8.9
8.0
15.1
8.6
2.17
209.66 0.54
0.07
24.23 2,620.40 3.55
0.83
a
a
The media corresponding to the best production indexes for each variable
ye and in each treatment
The “P” values in yellow belong to those showing significant differences (P 0.05).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION( continuation)
During cultivation were shown outbreaks caused by virus WSSV
(white spot sindrome) according with expectations in the 01 experimental ponds, which was confirmed through polimerasa (Nested-PCR)
chain tests reaction and hystopathology which in certain degree
influenced in the final zootechnical parameters.
Based upon these disease outbreakes, it is suggested that there was
a positive tendency from using OXYDOL® over the shrimps’s
survivorship, which showed a highly significant difference (P<0.05).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(COST OF PRODUCT AT THE TRIAL)
Cost of OXYDOL® in this trial was of $62.50 /ha. Considering that
15 hectare were treated (5 ponds at 3 hectares each one), the total
cost of the product in the trial was of $937.50
To cover the cost of OXYDOL® in this trial and having a base price of
$2.20 per lb of shrimp, it was required to produce 28.4 lb/ha more in
the ponds with OXYDOL®, each hectare with OXYDOL® produced in
average 389 pounds more than the Control.
The product paid itself ~14
times.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The majority of probiotics micro-organisms proposed for aquiculture belong to
the acid-lactic bacteria (LAB), of which the genre more used are Lactobacillus
and Lactococcus. These are considered as GRAS (“Generally recognized as
safe”), a warranty that the implementation of isolated probotics will not cause
collateral damage to the cultivated organisms or to the final consumers.
Institute of Marine and Coastal Research INVEMAR 173; (Holzapfel et al.,
1998).
Use of probiotics as LAB is relatively well established in other animal specie
(Wallace y Newbold, 1992; Aiba et al., 1998; Kontula et al., 1998; Kirjavainen et
al., 1999a, 1999b; Netherwood et al., 1999), of them it oustands the increase
on height and weight, establishment of an intestinal microbial equilibrium, as
well as the improvement of some inmune responses.
RESULS AND DISCUSSION
Supply of exogenous LAB is also associated with the growth
inhibition of the pathogen bacteria (Lewus et al., 1991; Gildberg et al.,
1995; Santos et al., 1996), as growth promoter of the aquiculture
specie (Noh et al., 1994) and in some cases, with an increase of
shrimps’ survivorship experimentally infected (Gatesoupe, 1994;
Gildberg, 1995; Robertson et al., 2000).
Utilization of Gram-positive bacteria such as Bacillus, in general has
shown to be beneficial in shrimp cultivation (L. vannamei), causing an
important increase in the rates of survivorship and weight. (Jory, 1998).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Bacteria of the Bacillus genre selected as probiotics can convert
organic matter into O₂ , (Dalmin et al., 2001). Laloo et al. (2007) proved
the capability of three isolated of the Bacillus genre to decrease
concentration of nitrite, nitrate and ammonia in the cultivation water of
ornamental fish. This same phenomena was also observed by Kim et
al. (2005) en B. subtilus, B.cereus y B. licheniformis.
Interaction between probiotic bacteria and micro algae in the
cultivation ponds, in general produces positive effects, since it
estabilizes the nutritional factors of the living feed, being able to
contribute with the establishment of the beneficial intestinal micro flora
of the host (Reitan et al., 1993, 1997).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Without
OXYDOL®
With OXYDOL®
CONCLUSIONS
OXYDOL® treatment exceeded control in 3 of the 5 production variables
with higher economical impact.: “survivorship”, “lb/ha” and“FC”. The first
two showed significant differences (P<0.01). The variables “harvest weight”
and “weekly growth”, were better at control, without showing signifcant
differences.
(P < 0.05).
 Cost of OXYDOL® used in this trial paid itself 14 times, based upon the
incremental pounds of shrimps obtained regarding the Control.
This difference of lb/ha obtained in favor of the product, suggests that
keeping a consistent production system of cultivation shrimp could represent
an economical increase.
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