Transcript Slide 1

Covering Your Bases —
Refrigerator, Lighting, and
Hot Water Base-Load
Measures
Mark Bergmeier, State of Iowa
Larry Kinney
Synergistic Building Technologies
Synertech Systems Corp
Sunflower Corp
Session objectives
Learn how to meter refrigerators;
 Use a database to determine energy use of
existing refrigerators;
 Assess potential lighting measures;
 Explore modern CFL improvements; and
 Understand reduced hot water usage and
assess suspect plumbing.

Benefits of Adding the Refrigerator Replacement
Arrow to Weatherization’s Quiver




Delivery of muchneeded services
Virtually sure thing
conservation >1 SIR
Helps avoid new
power plants (lowers
demand)
Excellent economic
development




Mastery of new skills
akin to WX
Professionalization of
the work force
Enhances relations
with utilities and
landlords
Environmentally
sound recycling
Refrigerator / Freezer Replacement
State of Iowa
By Mark Bergmeier
Started Replacing 2000
Refrigerator / Freezer Replacement
Meter All Refrigerator
and Freezers
Refrigerator 2006
Removed 26


Replaced 1244


Cost $38.00
With savings 1021
KWH
Cost $683.00
With savings 869
KWH
Refrigerator Replacement
Removal
$.09 x 1021 = 91.89

Replacement
$.09x869=78.21



Simple payback
38/91.89 = .4
Simple payback
683/78.21 = 8.7
Freezer 2006
Removed
22


Replaced
470


Cost $30.00
With savings 713
KWH
Cost $460.00
With savings 662
KWH
Freezer Replacement
Removal
$.09 x 713 = 64.17

Replacement
$.09 x 662 = 59.58



Simple payback
30/64.17 = .46
Simple payback
460/59.58 = 7.7
Purchasing
Agency will contact their local appliance
vendors.
 Vendors need to submit a price quoted for
a specified period of time.
 Vendor Agreement

Vendor
Agreement
Appliance Data Sheet

Agencies will have participating vendors complete an
Iowa Weatherization Program Refrigeration Appliance
Data Sheet

The form will be completed for each brand/model of
appliance for which the vendor is providing a price quote.

The form specifies the style of the appliance, the features
of the appliance, the size of the appliance, etc.
Appliance
Data Sheet
Baseload Appliance Rating
Tool (BART)


Is an ACCESS-based software program.
Used to calculate replacement ratings of the
appliances for which the agency received price
quotes.
The replacement rating is a numerical rating that
is applied to the replacement (new) appliances
Baseload Appliance Rating Tool
(BART)



The rating considers the energy consumption
(kWh) of the appliance, the cost of the appliance
the cost of the electricity, the lifetime of the
appliance.
A listing will be printed of the appliances and
their ratings.
This list will be used by the field personnel in the
field
Baseload Appliance Rating Tool
(BART)

The rating is compared to the annual
consumption of the existing (old) appliance(s) to
determine whether it is cost effective to replace
the existing appliance(s) with the new appliance.
Baseload Appliance Rating Tool
(BART)
Appliance Metering

If the evaluator doesn’t have enough
meters to meter all of the appliances in the
home, the oldest ones should be metered.
Conversion Table
Reading
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.27
0.28
0.29
0.30
0.31
0.32
0.33
0.34
0.35
0.36
Minutes
100
0
100
100
200
1,400
1,500
1,500
1,600
1,600
1,700
1,700
1,800
1,800
1,900
110
0
0
100
100
1,300
1,300
1,400
1,400
1,500
1,500
1,600
1,600
1,700
1,700
120
0
0
100
100
1,200
1,200
1,300
1,300
1,400
1,400
1,400
1,500
1,500
1,600
130
0
0
100
100
1,100
1,100
1,200
1,200
1,300
1,300
1,300
1,400
1,400
1,500
140
0
0
100
100
1,000
1,100
1,100
1,100
1,200
1,200
1,200
1,300
1,300
1,400
The field person can determine
what the annual consumption
of the appliance is by finding
the short-term kWh reading on
the table that corresponds to
the logger reading and then
following a line over to the
column that contains the time
(in minutes) that the appliance
was metered. The number at
the intersection of the shortterm consumption line and the
time column is the annual
consumption in kWh.
Replacement Criteria

The client has two appliances.
The two units were metered for
2 hours, and showed
consumption of 0.252 and
0.180. We extrapolate these
values to annual consumption
rates using the Conversion
Table and find the rates of
1,104 kWh and 788 kWh,
respectively. The total annual
energy consumption of these
two units is 1,892 (1,104 +
788).
Client
Refrigerator
Appliance
Agreement
Installation Frequencies and Average
Energy Savings (maximum SIR)
Measures that result in the greatest electric savings (in order)
 High-efficiency water heaters (Electric water heater replacement) (6)
 Refrigerator removal (1)
 Standard-efficiency water heaters (Electric water heater
replacement) (3)
 Refrigerator replacement (4)
 Freezer removal (2)
 Freezer replacement (5)
 Compact fluorescent lighting (3)
Top Ten Measures in CY 06
First-Year Client Bill Savings and Installation Rates











• Hi-Eff Heating Sys Replacement
$181
46%
• Wall Insulation
$156
66%
• Std-Eff Heating Sys Replacement
$128
11%
• Refrigerator Removal
$99
1%
• Refrigerator Exchange
$87
44%
• Freezer Removal
$74
1%
• Ceiling Insulation
$68
86%
• Freezer Exchange
$67
17%
• Foundation/Crawlspace Insulation
$57
40%
• Hi-Eff WH Replacement
$46
19%
NOTE: Omitted other Heating Sys Repl due to very few installations
even though they had relatively high savings
How a refrigerator cools:
The vapor compression cycle
Compres
sor
Low pressure
Evaporator
Heat
absorption
High pressure
Mot
or
Refrigerant
vaporizes
Condenser
Refrigerant
condenses
Vapor
Heat
dissipation
Liquid
Capillary tube
Test chamber and data loggers
This chamber can test four refrigerators at a time, monitoring up to 11
streams of data from each. Keeping constant temperatures with
refrigerator doors shut makes it possible to study specific elements of
performance while keeping other factors constant. That allows the
effects of control settings or ambient temperatures to be quantified
precisely.
Effect of defrost cycle on fresh food and
freezer compartment temperatures
80
Ambient temperature
70
Temperature (°F)
60
50
Fresh food temperature
40
30
20
10
Freezer temperature
0
-10
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
Time (15-minute intervals)
21
23
25
27
29
Energy consumption vs. ambient temp and
control setting for a 15-ft3 Maytag
90°
700
80°
70°
kWh/yr
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
High
Midpoint
Control settings
Low
Average temperatures at each control setting (°F)
Compartments
High
Midpoint
Low
Fresh food
36.4
38.8
43.9
Freezer
–9.1
1.6
12.4
Savings-to-Investment Ratio (SIR)





The ratio of dollars saved to dollars invested
to achieve the savings.
SIRs >1 are cost-effective.
It’s a convenient way to express the
cost-effectiveness of both the program and
particular measures.
Computed by multiplying annual savings
times the lifetime of the measure, times
a discount factor versus costs.
Use 20 years and 4.8% discount factor.
Average consumption before and after
replacement for three pilot refrigerator programs
SIR dependence on initial kWh
4.65, 2.60, 1.82
2,500

2,000
1,500

1,000
500

0
RG&E
single
RG&E
multi
NYC
Picking the high users
takes time, but it pays
benefits.
SIRs descend with initial
consumption, in spite of
better new units and
lower costs.
Critical question: How to
be selective but save
time?
Energy costs and replacement costs to
achieve unity SIR
Cost for replacement (in dollars)
800
$0.14/kWh
700
$0.16/kWh
$0.12/kWh
$0.10/kWh
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
Minimum energy use (kWh/yr)
Source: Synertech Systems Corp. [7]
One option for marrying utility with DOE funding when
replacement thresholds differ
Assumptions: Utility avoided cost is $0.06/kWh; Retail electricity cost is
$0.10/kWh;New refrigerator consumes 386 kWh/yr; Cost of new refrigerator +
recycling old unit + overhead = $550
2,500
2,000
1,500
1,117 kWh/SIR = 1(util)
825 kWh/yr SIR = 1(WX)
1,000
Utility and DOE
replacements
DOE WX
replacements
500
Not replaced
0
1
47 1
37 1
Total number of refrigerators in sample = 177
93
Unity SIR for a utility’s residential
customers = 855 kWh/yr




If replacements cost utility $375 each, at 6.4
cents/kWh, it’s cost effective to replace all units
that consume > 855/kWh/yr, 98 W/hr.
Assumes new unit uses 386 kWh/yr, lasts 20
years, and discount factor = 4.7%.
Also assumes energy costs exactly track
inflation.
If energy prices outstrip inflation, cost
effectiveness of replacement increases.
Making decisions on replacement





Once lower-threshold for annual kWh consumption
is decided, how will specific cases be estimated?
If trying to make a “go/no go” decision,
in most cases it’s as easy as looking in
the AHAM manual for DOE test results;
you should apply a factor for age
(1.2 routinely used).
Replace all of the really old ones?
How about those that are green or gold; have R-12
refrigerant?
Measure if no AHAM match or if a close call.
Electric energy meter by Kill a Watt


QuickTime™ and a
Photo - JPEG decompressor
are needed to see this picture.



The best and the least
expensive
Tracks kWh, voltage,
current, power factor,
peak demand, time since
reset.
Available for <$17.
New model which does
the math, keeps data in
memory for $34.
Kill A Watt (P3-P4400)
www.teledynamics.com
800-847-5629
Testing procedure




Plug in the watt-hour meter, then plug
the fridge into the meter.
Try not to interrupt a compressor
run cycle. In all events, move fast!
Check time at beginning of run and at end.
Test for at least 2 hours—more if possible.
Record accumulated kWh.
Look out for defrost periods (watts >380).
Computations




Annual kWh = Test kWh * 8,766
Test time (hours)
Express time as a decimal (divide
minutes by 60).
Multiply results by 1.08 if no defrost heater
runs during test (for frost-free units only). If
defrost heater runs, test for >24 hours and
make no correction for defrost run.
Make correction for temp if appropriate.
Defrost cycles obscure the truth!
Temperature (degrees F); watts
250
200
15-Minute Demand (W)
150
100
Fresh food compartment
temperature
Freezer Temperature
50
0
Time (15-minute intervals)
Why test for several hours with frost free units?
 One-hour
tests are usually insufficient
to draw useful inferences, as they are within
10% of an accurate estimate only 18 times out
of 100. Three-hour tests are within 10% of an
accurate estimate 90 times out of 100. (See
Home Energy, September 2000)
 This judgement is based on many thousands of
data points in the test chamber and careful
analysis.
Temperature compensation





The difference in temperature between
ambient temp. and the temp. inside a fridge
affects performance by 2.5% per degree F.
If tested in a cooler-than-estimated annual
temp. environment, add correction.
Otherwise, subtract correction.
If it’s a close call, don’t bother.
Example: Tested at 68˚F, estimated kitchen
temp. average = 72, and multiply measured
results by 1.1.
Check out the power line
to help avoid electrical fires!

QuickTime™ and a
Photo - JPEG decompressor
are needed to see this picture.


Sure Test stresses
the line, can find
weaknesses in
circuits.
Useful for all plugs,
not just the plug for
the fridge.
Use before and after
insulation in attics
and walls.
Compact Fluorescent Lighting (CFL)
Economics (and related matters)
Footcandle


The illuminance on a
surface one square
foot in area on which
there is a uniformly
distributed flux of
one lumen.
The lumens incident
on a surface =
footcandles x the
area in square feet.
Luminous efficacy (Lm/W)
Luminous efficacy and the sun



When applied to electric lighting, it refers to the
amount of light produced per watt of electric
energy required to produce it.
Since the watts of electric energy are directly
dissipated inside a building’s envelope or are
indirectly dissipated after light is absorbed, they
also contribute to a building’s cooling load.
In the case of the sun (113+ lm/W), luminous
efficacy refers only to the ratio of the light
produced to the heating effect within the building
envelope.
CFLs
Produce over four times more light per unit
of electrical energy than do incandescents
 Produce four times less heat per unit of
light than do incandescents.
 Have much lower surface temperatures, so
are safer
 Lower air conditioning bills
 Produce beautiful, hum-free light whose
color properties are excellent.

High-quality, long-lasting light four more
energy efficient than incandescent
Characteristics of Autocell’s CFLs






They are Energy Star rated
They have a lifetime of 12,000 hours
They use the least mercury of any CFLs
They are inexpensive, particularly in bulk
The company will do special art on the boxes
and fixtures themselves if buying in bulk
(“This energy-efficiency CFL is brought to you by
the folks that weatherize your home!”)
Ceiling fixture



Can cover “can” lights; providing better, diffuse
light and allows the cans to be air sealed and
insulated
Includes hard wired CFL, electronic ballast
Saves electricity and gas!
Computing economics for CFLs




Conventional wisdom holds that one estimates
the on- time, calculates pay back period, then
makes a judgment about cost effectiveness.
Instead, why not ask the question: how much
savings will I reap over its 12,000 hour lifetime if
I purchase a 23 W CFL for $2.50 instead of a
100 W incandescent for $0.30?
When electricity costs 0.10 per kWh, the national
average, the answer is $92! (924 kWh saved)
This “life-cycle costing” is the preferred
methodology to use with energy-saving systems.
In short, initial costs are effectively the
same over the 12,000 hours of the
lifetime of the CFL except that one must
replace a dozen incandescent bulbs,
wasting gas to make runs for bulbs and
multiplying the risk of falling off a ladder
by 12. Savings are pure profit, tax free.
J
How far will it get you?
923 kWh, the lifetime savings associated
with replacing a 100 watt incandescent
with a 23 watt CFL, saves 10.6 million Btus
at the power station, the equivalent of 10.6
person years of labor.
 It’s also the energy equivalent of 85
gallons of gas, which will get you 4,250
miles (e.g., New York to LA and back to
Denver) in your shiny new Prius.

Average American home has 38 incandescents




Let’s assume that the average home has 19 60
watt incandescents and 19 100 watt
incandescents
Replacing with ENERGY STAR 13 watt and 23
watt CFLs produces net savings of 26,500 kWh,
$2700 over the lifetime of the new CFLs.
Will save over 10 tons of coal and 13,000 gallons
of water.
It’s the energy equivalent of enough gasoline to
drive your Prius around the earth at the equator
almost five times.
“Half Gas, Half Electric Car, total California Cool”



Title of a June 6, 2002
article in the Washington
Post on hybrids
“Half of Hollywood is
getting a Prius”
Larry David: “I'm doing
something good, and my
wife has sex with me
more often”
Water
Can save it at the power station by saving
electric energy, for each kWh saved, one
saves a half a gallon of water.
 Can save it in weatherization by stopping
drips, installing water efficient appliances,
moving to low flow shower heads,
educating clients about the genius and
delights of showering with a friend.

Low flow showerheads work well and
save!
 There are a variety of new models that give
good showers and even have a massage
function—but don’t waste much water or
energy.
 Replacing high flow rate showerheads can
save $100 per year in many cases, plus
thousands of gallons of precious water at
no loss of comfort.
Savings depend mostly on the difference in
flow rates of old and new showerhead.
Here, the new assumed to be 1.5 gpm.
6.5
Old shower head flow rate (gpm)
6.0
5.5
5.0
Annual total savings
w/ gas heater ($/yr)
4.5
4.0
Annual total savings w/
electric heater ($/yr)
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
$0
$50
$100
$150
$200
$250
Annual savings
$300
$350
$400
Details in next session
Baseload Measures —
Addressing Failures; Avoiding
Lost Opportunities
Feedback’s Welcome!
Mark Bergmeier
Larry Kinney
Synergistic Building Technologies Iowa Department of Human
Synertech Systems Corporation
Rights
Sunflower Corporation
Lucas State Office Building
Boulder Green Building Guild
321 E. 12th Street, 2nd Floor
Des Moines, Iowa 50319
[email protected]
www.SynergisticBT.com
www.SynertechSystemsCorp.com [email protected]
www.SunflowerCorp.biz
319-240-3619
303-449-7941