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The Nation‘s quest for net zero energy buildings:
Improved Efficiency &
Renewable Energy Adoption via
LVDC Microgrid Power Distribution
The “little” solution to a big problem.
Brian Patterson
Chairman, EMerge Alliance
© 2011 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. & EMerge Alliance
Brian Patterson is the Chairman of the EMerge Alliance, a 501c non-profit corporation
established to create application standards that promote the rapid adoption of safe, lowvoltage DC power distribution and use in commercial buildings. EMerge is a member funded
organization focused on developing open standards that integrate infrastructures, power,
controls and a wide variety of electrical and electronic devices in a common hybrid AC-DC
microgrid platform. Brian’s extensive technical background and work history in electronics,
fiber optics and building technologies has resulted in his holding many patents in those fields.
He is also General Manager of Business Development for the Building Products Division of
Armstrong World Industries, one of the original founders of the Alliance.
The Abstract:
The Nations quest for Net Zero Energy Buildings is likely to change a great deal about
the way we approach designing and constructing buildings in the future, particularly with
respect to a broadened consideration of an increasingly diverse pallet of energy efficient
building solutions and site based power generation and storage. And although utilities
are hard at work trying to “fix” our electrical energy distribution problems with a “Smart
Grid”, nobody predicts this will improve energy efficiency, solve the underlying and
growing shortage of “clean” electrical energy supply, nor eliminate significant service
losses during man-made or natural disasters.
This presentation explains the application of “Hybrid DC Microgrids” beyond the meter in
buildings to meet this challenge. The presentation explains how microgrids will form the
distributed foundation of a new energy network or “EnerNet.” Discussed are the efforts
underway to create newly configured power and communication platforms at the building
level that allow highly efficient direct integration of site based renewable energy sources
and storage devices without the use of power inverters. These novel platforms also
define standards for the use of safe low voltages and limited current potential at the user
interface to enable plug-and-play device flexibility while facilitating energy savings and
improved reliability by avoiding unnecessary power conversions and maximizing the use
of highly articulated digital controls.
“What can I be certain about?
-Daniel Burrus – Flash Foresight – 2011
“Energy will be one of the defining
issues of this century, and one thing is
clear: the era of easy oil is over.”
- John S. Watson, Chairman & CEO , Chevron - 2009
“And how can I innovate to take
advantage of what I know for certain
about the future”
- Ibid, p.39.
“I'd put my money on solar energy...I
hope we don't have to wait till oil and
coal run out before we tackle that. ”
- Thomas Alva Edison - 1931
Zero Energy Building Model
Buildings that produce as much energy as they consume
1. Integrated design and operations planning
2. Site renewable energy strategies get maxed
out by using dc
3. Energy Storage technology in dc will allow
Grid independence breakthroughs
4. System Intelligence - More control,
monitoring, verification of everything possible
with dc
2012: 1st Full scale DC Microgrid Demonstration
2030: All new commercial buildings
2040: 50% of commercial building stock
2050: All commercial buildings
EMerge Alliance Corp - ©2009-2010
Challenges of the New Energy Economy
Catching Up on 100 yrs of Too Little Progress
The Smart-Grid
• Automating the Grid
• Return on Asset (ROA)
– Dynamic Pricing
Dealing with Evolutionary Change
• >30% Renewables, Distributed
-
Photovoltaic, Solar/Thermal, Wind, Biofuels
-
Climate Modeling & Prediction
-
Distribution becomes Transmission
• Electric Vehicles
• Transmission Capacity and Location
Revolutionary Change
• Cyber-Security
• Low-Cost Energy Storage
• User-Centered Energy System
Brave New Markets
• Looking for Critical Mass
• Open Systems & Standards
• Code & Regulatory challenges
30
20
10
0
12pm 3pm 6pm 9pm 12am 3am 6am 9am 12pm
Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB)
Toward A More Integrated Energy Network
Proactive Technology Solutions
SMART GRID
Intelligent Central Mgmt.
Smart Cellular Management
Centralized Synchronous Generation
Distributed Asynchronous Generation
Hardened Macro Grid Infrastructure
Hard Macro Grid & Flexible Microgrids
Intelligent Local Controls
Smart Interconnection & Control
Disordered System Mgmt.
Demand Response Management
Centralized Synchronous Generation
Hardened Macro Grid Infrastructure
Manual Local Controls
GENERATION
CENTERED
Integrated Synchronous Micro generation
Hardened Macro Grid Infrastructure
Disintegrated Local Controls
SMART BUILDINGS
Reactive Technology Solutions
EMerge Alliance Corp - ©2009-2010
Distributed Grid Architecture
Centralized Grid Architecture
USER
CENTERED
Moving to an Alternative Energy Economy
Cumulative PV Production GigaWp
Solar cost decreases 10% per year
Source: Professor Emanuel Sachs, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
*Assumes annual production growth of 35% and an 18% learning curve. PV
costs based on 18% capacity factor and 7% discount rate.
Too Much of a Good Thing?
Renewables Just Over 10% Destabilizing the Grid
“The head of the German energy agency DENA has warned that a
surge in solar power is overwhelming Germany’s grid.”
Schlierberg Solar Estate - Germany
“With 15 GW+ installed by the end of the year, this requires more than
a few peaking gas turbines on standby; it needs large-scale power
plants capable of both economical base load and peaking power.”
Smart Grid to Smart Buildings:
Building DC Microgrids at the Core of Energy Networks
En•er•net: noun \en-tə(r)-net\ : the Internet of powered things Bob Metcalfe
From Smart Grid to Microgrids
Balancing the Renewable Power Equation
Generation
Transmission
Distribution
Smart
Meters
Smart Buildings
Closing the Loop with Microgrids
Smart Homes
Why Microgrid Energy?
Increase renewable energy availability
Local Energy Storage
Improve, reliability & independence / security
Improve availability in underserved markets
Create open environment for energy innovation
Local Generation
Slide Courtesy of Intel Research Labs
Smart Grid + Microgrids = EnerNet
Networking Central and Distributed Power
Public Utility Domain
Independent Service Domain
Cloud
Based
Enernet
Zero Energy Commercial Building Consortium
Cross-cutting Recommendations
•
Expand R&D
•
Develop and Disseminate Case Studies
•
Explore DC Power Applications
•
Promote Multi-Building Systems
•
Shift to an Integrated Design Process
•
Improve Sys. Integration, Sensors & Controls
Zero Energy Buildings (ZEB)
A Microgrid network will look much like the Internet
DC MICROGRID MODEL
Public Utility Gear
DC
Building
Owner
Independent
Service
Provider
Independent
Service
Provider
© 2010 EMerge Alliance
Solution:
A simplified AC/DC hybrid coupled power network
ELECTRO-ACTIVE DEVICES
ENERGY SOURCES
AC/DC Site
Generation
DC
Photovoltaic
Coupled
AC/DC Power
Sources
▲
Electronic
Lighting
AV/IT Devices
DC Power
Distribution
Management
DC Campus Fuel
Cells
DC Wind
Power
DC Power
Storage
AC Line Power
▼
Wireless
Controls
BACnet
TCP/IP
HVAC Actuators
Sensor & Controls
Data & Telecom Centers
Security & Safety
Opportunity:
Up to 30% less energy, 15% less capital, 200% plus more reliable
EMerge Alliance Corp - ©2009-2010
ZEB – Microgrid Building Blocks
A Microgrid network will look much like the Internet
Energy Savings
Opportunities for Building Owners
Building Applications
Ave % of
Building
Energy
Used
Potential
Energy
Savings by
Going DC
Interiors (Lighting)*
28%*
Up to 15%
LED, Renewables
Data/Telecom
17%
Up to 30%
Higher voltage, Renewables
Service/Utility (HVAC)
36%
Up to 10%
Renewables
Outdoor
6%
Up to 10%
LED, DC CPEVs, Renewables
Other (misc equip loads)
13%
Up to 5%
Different voltage conversions
(in priority timing of EMerge Alliance)
*Higher energy use in office buildings, up to 40%
© 2010 EMerge Alliance
Keys to Maximizing
Efficiency in Going DC
Zero Net Energy Buildings (ZEB)
DC Microgrid with Renewable & Alternate Distributed Generation
Feeds
Solar PV
Wind
MPPT
Wind
Contr.
Battery
Storage
Gen Set
Slide Courtesy of
Utility
Meter
Fuel Cell
Other
380VDC
Converter
Facility Power Server and Distribution (380VDC Nom)
Lighting
P&P Task
24VDC
Appliance
Plug Loads
380V
EV Charge
380V
Climate
Control
380V
Loads
Electronic
loads
380/48V
Sensors
Security
24V
Telecom
POE
48V
Occupied Space Standard
Working from the Top Down
208-277 VAC
380 VDC Bus
24 VDC Bus
OCCUPIED SPACE
INFRASTRUCTURE:
P1 = Ceiling
P2 = Walls
P3 = Furniture
P2
P1
P3
P4
P4 = Floors
P2
© 2010 EMerge Alliance
Product Example:
Fluorescent Fixtures
Current Designed &
Listed Product
Change to DC Ballast
Add Device Load
Connector/Cable Assembly
…Flexible
device load
cables
• Direct DC input eliminates AC-DC conversion
• Can improve ballast efficiency by 10% or more
• Results in higher lighting system efficacy (light output per watt)
• Can improve ballast reliability significantly by eliminating HV inductors
Product Example:
LED Fixtures
Current Designed &
Listed Product
Change to Listed DC
Driver
Add Listed Device Load
Connector/Cable Assembly
• Direct DC input eliminates AC-DC conversion
• Can improve driver efficiency by 10% or more
• Results in higher lighting system efficacy (light output per watt)
• Can improve driver reliability significantly by eliminating HV inductors
EMerge Alliance Occupied Space Standard
Beta Site Applications in the Field
2nd Standard – Data and Telecom
Developing a 380VDC ICT Standard
Technical Committee led by
Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)
380VDC – The New Standard
380VDC is the Highest Efficiency, Cost Effective Solution
UPS
MV
PSU
Bypass
UP
S
480V AC/DC DC/AC
AC
Chrg
38012V
208V
AC/DC 410V DC/DC
VR
AC
DC
PSU
PDU
•
•
•
•
Rack
Slide Courtesy of Intel Research Labs
ETSI 300132-3 (draft)
Japan DC Power Partners
EMerge Alliance
Datacenter
 28% more efficient than 208VAC
 7% more efficient than 415VAC
 Est. 15% less up-front capital cost in volume
 33% less floor space
 200%-1000% more reliable
 No Harmonics, Safer
• Compliments Building-wide Photovoltaic, Wind,
Lighting, Electric Vehicles & Charging, VFD Motors
Server
DC Type Rack Building Block
105kW (n+1) 380VDC PS
Output Distribution
(380VDC)- single section
Insulation Failure
Detector
Controller
Power Conversion Units (PCUs)
Subrack
Individual PCU
input breakers
AC Input
section
EMerge Alliance Data/Telecom Standard
Beta Site Applications in the Field
EPRI/LBNL - Electric Power
Research Institute
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab,
California
Duke Energy data center in
Charlotte, North Carolina
Calit2 - California Institute for
Telecommunications and Information
Technology , UC San Diego
Whole Building Hybrid DC Microgrid
Ford’s Deep Renovation Strategy Includes Multiple Stages
Standards Allow Incremental Plan/Execution
Five Discrete Projects Capture Key Elements
100 kW PV Array
Encanto
Supercomputer
5
380 VDC
Eco Rack
4
World Class
PUE
Pilot Datacenter
NM
Gateway
2
High Efficiency DC
Office Lighting PoC
10 kW PV
PEV Charging
1
3
Rio Rancho Campus
Courtesy of Intel Research Labs
EMerge Alliance Beta Sites
Standards Applications in the Field
Occupied Space
Future
Data Center
Future
Outdoor (PEV)
Future
Bldg Serv. (HVAC)
Future
Combined Beta and Registered Sites as of February 2011
Quiz Answer Key!
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- Daniel Burrus – Flash Foresight - 2011
© 2011 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. & EMerge Alliance
www.EMergeAlliance.org
Direct Current (DC) Microgrid
Power Application Standards
for Buildings
© 2011 Underwriters Laboratories Inc. & EMerge Alliance
THANK YOU.