Transcript Motivation and Emotion - Appoquinimink High School

Motivation
What is Motivation?
What do you think it
means?
Motivation
• The forces that act on or within an
organism to initiate and direct
behavior
• A need or desire
that energizes and
directs behavior
Motivation
 Activation – initiation or
production behavior
 Persistence
– continued effort
to get something
 Intensity
– greater vigor of
responding
Theories
• Theories have
proven weak
over time, but
we take a little
from each to
form our
modern
understanding...
 Instinct
Theories
 Motivation is innate and due to
genetic programming
 Instincts are rigidly patterned
throughout a species
 Animals display instinctive behavior
patterns such as migration and
mating behavior

IE. Salmon returning to their birth place, birds migrating south for
the winter
Instinct
• A complex, inherited, unlearned
behavior that is rigidly patterned
throughout a species
Instinct Motivation
• Examples of Instincts
– Rivalry
– Sympathy
– Fear
– Shyness
– Cleanliness
– Food-Seeking
– Sociability
– Parental Love
– Mating
Submission
Modesty
Secretiveness
Repulsion
Jealousy
Curiosity
Combativeness
Hunting
Constructiveness
Why
Why does Jimmy
get into a lot of
fights?
Why is Sally so
quiet and timid?
Why is Dave
so
overweight?
Why does Jane
beat her
children?
Why do people do the things that they do?
(Instinct Theory)
• Why does Jimmy get into a lot of fights?
Combativeness Instinct
• Why is Sally so quiet and timid?
Shyness Instinct
• Dave is overweight and can’t stop eating
because of his food-seeking instinct.
• Jane beats and neglects her children
because she wasn’t born with a parental
love instinct.
• By 1920’s and 1930’s theory
is out, but the idea that some
human behaviors are innate
and genetically programmed
remained an important
element in the overall
understanding of motivation
Drives
• Aroused states of
tension created by
an imbalance
• Organism must
reduce the drive
to restore balance
DRIVE – REDUCTION THEORY
• Behavior is motivated by the desire
to reduce internal tension caused
by unmet biological needs
Drive-Reduction Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Drive-Reduction Theory
Drive-Reduction Motivation
 Homeostasis
= The body monitors
and maintains relatively constant
levels of internal states, such as
body temperature, fluid levels, and
energy supplies

If any of these levels deviates very far from
the optimal level, the body initiates
processes (motivation) to bring the condition
back to normal
Why did Shawn steal that candy bar?
Why does Carrie
wear sweatshirts,
even in the
summer?
Why do people do the things that they do?
(Drive-Reduction Theory)
• Why did Shawn steal that candy bar? To
satisfy his hunger and to maintain
homeostasis. His body told him that he
needed it.
• Carrie always wears long sleeve shirts,
even in the summer. She must have an
internal thermostat that drops very easily,
and in order to maintain a certain internal
body temperature, she always has to wear
an extra layer of clothing.
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
Homeostatic Regulation
• Drive theories are
inadequate
• many people strive
to increase tension
and physiological
arousal
Such as by running a
marathon or jumping out
planes…
Arousal Theory
we are motivated to maintain an
optimal level of arousal
• When arousal levels get too low, a person might
watch an exciting movie or go for a jog.
• When arousal levels get too high, a person looks
for ways to relax such as meditating or reading a
book.
• Arousal level can vary based on the individual or the
situation.
Incentive Theory
• Extrinsic Motivation
• Behavior is motivated solely by the pull of
external rewards (reinforcement principal)
or punishment…
Intrinsic
Motivation
• Intrinsic motivation is
when you are motivated
by internal factors, to
do something for its
own sake
• Intrinsic motivation drives you to do things just
for the fun of it, or because I believe it is a good
or right thing to do.
Why did Kevin kill Bill?
Why does Janet swim everyday, for many hours?
Why does Steve do nothing but homework?
Why do people do the things that they do?
(Incentive Theory)
• Kevin committed murder because he was
paid to do so.
• Jane swims everyday, before and after
school, on weekends, etc. so that she can
win an Olympic Gold medal.
• Steve is considered a geek because he
does all of his homework so that he can
get all “A’s”. If he does, he can have a
television in his bedroom.
• Why did
Cassie
become a
nun?
• Why does Greg work at the
homeless shelter on weekends,
instead of playing baseball?
• Why does Karen spend so many hours
working on her perfecting her swing?
• Why did Jessica serve on jury duty, even though she
missed several days of work and an exam?
Why do people do the things that they do?
(Intrinsic Motivation)
• Cassie became a nun because she felt that it
was morally the right thing to do.
• Greg works at the homeless shelter because it
makes him feel good to help other people in
need.
• Karen practices her swing because she enjoys
softball, and so that she can become a better
softball player.
• Jessica was a jurier in the murder trial because
putting away criminals is the right thing to do.
Don’t forget Freud….
• Psychanalysis - Motives come from the
unconscious mind…
Eros – your “life instinct” is the drive for survival, procreation and creativity
•
continually at odds with your Thanatos
Thanatos -
is its opposite, your “death instinct” - “the goal of all life is
death”
• people hold an unconscious desire to die which is exhibited by selfdestructive behaviors. Often directed outward onto others, it is expressed as
aggression and violence.
MORE MOTIVATIONS…
Social Acceptance
Behaviors are motivated by the desire
to increase our social acceptance
and inclusion in social groups.
MORE MOTIVATIONS…
Control
• Motivation is driven
by a need to
control one’s
environment.
• to be decisive,
assertive, and
influence others for
personal gain.
MORE MOTIVATIONS…
Competition
• Comparing your performance to others
can enhance your self-esteem.
• This could determine your behavior in
school, on the field or elsewhere…
Motivation
• Humanistic Theory
• People are motivated to satisfy
a progression of internal
needs, beginning with the most
basic and moving towards the
realization of personal
potential
Sound Familiar….?
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)
• Humanistic psychologist who
developed the hierarchy of needs
Humanistic Motivation
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Physiological
Needs:
Food
Water
Warmth
Rest
• When the
physiological
needs are met,
the need for
safety will
emerge.
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Safety Needs:
Security
Safety
Humanistic Motivation
• Safety Needs:
–Security of employment
–Security of revenues and resources
–Physical Security - violence,
delinquency, aggressions
–Moral and physiological security
–Familial security
–Security of health
Humanistic Motivation
Safety Needs
• Safety needs have to do with establishing
stability and consistency in a chaotic
world.
• IE. We need the security of a home and
family. If a family is dysfunctional, a child
cannot move to the next level because
they are constantly concerned for their
safety. Love and belongingness (Step 3)
have to wait until they are no longer
cringing in fear.
• In addition, safety
needs sometimes
motivate people to be
religious.
• Religions comfort us
with the promise of a
safe secure place after
we die and leave the
insecurity of this world.
• After physiological and safety
needs are fulfilled, the third layer
of human needs are based on the
needs for belongingness and love.
Maslow’s
Hierarchy
of Needs
Needs:
Intimate Relationships
Friends
Humanistic Motivation
• Belongingness and Love Needs:
–emotionally-based relationships:
• friendship, sexual relationship, or
having a family.
• Humans have a desire to belong to
groups: clubs, work groups, religious
groups, family, gangs, etc.
• We need to feel loved (non-sexual) by
others, to be accepted by others.
• We need to be needed.
Humanistic Motivation
Belongingness and Love Needs
– People have a constant desire to
feel needed.
–In the absence of these elements,
people become increasingly
susceptible to loneliness, social
anxiety, and depression.
• Once the needs of Stages 1
thru 3 have been met, humans
can concentrate on fulfilling
esteem needs.
Esteem Needs:
Prestige, Feelings
of
Accomplishment,
Self-Worth
There are 2 types of esteem needs.
• First is self-esteem which results
from competence or mastery of a
task. Respecting yourself!
• Second,
there's the
attention and
recognition
that comes
from others.
– Imbalances at
this level can
result in a low
self-esteem and
inferiority
complexes
– on the other
hand in an
inflated sense of
self and
snobbishness.
• Only if the needs of Stages 1 thru 4
have been met can a person move
on the Stage 5.
• Most people spend the majority of
their lives striving to achieve and
maintain the goals set forth in
Stages 1 thru 4, and may never
reach Stage 5,
• self-actualization.
SelfActualization
:
Achieving
one’s full
potential
Self-Actualization
• At the top of Maslow’s pyramid
• According to Maslow, the need to
live up to one’s fullest and unique
potential
Humanistic Motivation
• Self-Actualization:
–Self-actualization is the instinctual
need of a human to make the most of
their unique abilities. Maslow
described it as follows:
• Self Actualization is the intrinsic
growth of what is already in the
organism, or more accurately, of
what the organism is.
• The need for self-actualization is
"the desire to become more and
more what one is, to become
everything that one is capable of
becoming."
- Maslow
• Which students usually take up
environmental causes, join the
Peace Corps, do missionary
work, etc.?
•Those
whose
other needs
have been
satisfied!
Specific Motivations
•Hunger
•Sex
•Achievement
Hunger
• What physiological
factors cause us to
feel hungry?
• What psychological
factors cause us to
feel hungry?
Hunger – Physiological Factors
• Glucose/Blood-Sugar Levels
– Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in
the blood and provides the major source of
energy for body tissues.
– Low blood-sugar levels triggers hunger. Low
level messages are sent to the hypothalamus.
• Orexin
– Orexin is the hunger-triggering hormone
secreted by the hypothalamus.
Hunger – Physiological Factors
• Leptin
– Leptin is a protein secreted by fat
cells. When it is abundant, it causes
the brain to increase metabolism and
the body’s activity levels, and
decreases hunger. When there is too
little leptin, it causes the brain to
decrease metabolism, lower activity
levels, and increases hunger.
Hunger – Physiological Factors
• Ghrelin
– Gherlin is the hormone secreted by an
empty stomach. It sends an “I’m hungry”
signal to the brain.
• PYY
– PYY is a digestive tract hormone that
sends an “I’m not hungry” signal to the
brain.
Hunger – Physiological Factors
• Lateral
Hypothalamus
– part of the
brain
responsible
for hunger
• Ventromedial
Hypothalamus
– part of the
brain
responsible
for stopping
eating
• Set-Point Theory – the hypothalamus
decides what signal to send based on a
genetic metabolic rate (how quickly the body
uses energy)
Hunger – Psychological Factors
• Our eating habits (when we eat, what
we eat, how much we eat, etc.) is not
only controlled by internal signals of
hunger or fullness, but also by
external factors related to taste
preferences, culture, media
influences, convenience, moods,
religion, etc.
Hunger – Psychological Factors
• Some people have a preferences for hot
and spicy foods, while others enjoy sweets
or salty foods.
• In some cultures or time periods
heaviness indicated wealth, so eating
was/is encouraged.
• Eastern cultures often enjoy dog, rat, and
horse meat. In some Middle Eastern
cultures the eye of a camel is considered a
delicacy.
• Hindus avoid eating beef because Hindus
believe that all living things contain a part
of the divine spirit.
Hunger – Psychological Factors
• Mood - When you are happy you may eat
certain foods, but when you are sad you
may indulge in other foods.
• Supply - If there is an abundance or lack
of grocery stores, fast-food drive-thru, and
restaurant, eating habits may differ.
• Media - influence eating behaviors as well.
If the Hollywood standard is thin, if models
are “heroin chic”, then eating habits may
change, especially with regards to young
women.
Hunger – Psychological Factors
• The Garcia Effect – Simply thinking about
a certain food and its pairing with an
unpleasant episode will curb your desire
for that food
– IE. At the movies, your friend vomits popcorn
all over the seat and your shoes. Popcorn no
longer has an appeal to you.
– Similar to a taste aversion but it does not
follow the rules of classical conditioning
Hunger –
Psychological Factors
Eating Disorders
– Anorexia Nervosa – an eating
disorder in which a normal-weight
person diets and becomes
significantly underweight, yet still
feeling fat, continues to starve
– Bulimia Nervosa – an eating disorder
characterized by episodes of overeating, (binging)
followed by vomiting, laxative use, or excessive
exercise
Weight Loss Trends
• In 2003:
• 65% of U.S. citizens indicated they tried
some form of weight loss or weight
control
• 49% attempted to lose at least five
pounds
• 16% attempted to maintain their weight
• Only 20% however, were "very" or
"extremely" successful
 one
out of every one hundred
young women between ten and
twenty are starving themselves,
sometimes to death. (1% have
anorexia)
 four
out of one hundred, collegeaged women have bulimia.
 Only
about 10% of people with
anorexia and bulimia are male.
Without
treatment, up to
twenty percent (20%) of
people with serious eating
disorders die.
With
treatment, that
number falls to two to
three percent (2-3%).
• Average woman
– 5’4”
145 lbs.
Size 11-14
101 lbs.
Size 4
36/37-29/31-40/42
• Barbie
– 6’
39-19-33
Overweight
• What motivates people to eat too
much??
• Studies suggest that about sixty percent of
adult Americans, both male and female, are
overweight. About one third (34%) are
obese, meaning that they are 20% or more
above normal, healthy weight. Many of these
people have binge eating disorder.
• include fast food, snacks with high sugar
and fat content, little physical activity
including use of automobiles, increased
time spent in front of TV sets and
computers, and a generally more sedentary
lifestyles than slimmer peers.
Overweight
• Who to Blame?
– Genetics
– Population Trends
– Lifestyle
– High-Carb Diets
– Decline in Smoking
– Less Demanding Workplace
– Television
– Social Class
Sex
• What physiological factors motivate
us to have sex?
– What are the stages of the human
sexual response cycle? How do sex
hormones influence human sexual
development and arousal?
• What psychological factors cause us
to have sex?
Sex – Physiological Factors
• Hormones
– Estrogen – a sex hormone, secreted in
greater amounts by females than by
males.
– Testosterone – a sex hormone, secreted
in greater amounts by males than by
females.
Sex – Physiological Factors
• The Sexual Response Cycle
– Excitement
– Plateau
– Orgasm
– Resolution
Sex – Physiological Factors
• Excitement
–The genital areas become
engorged with blood, causing a
man’s penis to swell and a
woman’s clitoris to swell, as well
as opening a woman’s vagina.
Sex – Physiological Factors
• Plateau
–Excitement peaks as breathing,
pulse, and blood pressure rates
continue to increase.
Secretions from the penis and
clitoris may occur.
Sex – Physiological Factors
• Orgasm
–Further increases in breathing,
pulse, and blood pressure,
accompanied by muscle
contractions all over the body.
Males propel semen from the penis
while a female’s uterus is put into a
position to receive sperm during
this stage.
Sex – Physiological Factors
• Resolution
– After orgasm, the body gradually returns
to its unaroused state.
– Refractory Period – a resting period
after an orgasm, during which a person
cannot achieve another orgasm (a few
minutes to a day or more for typical
men, far less time for a woman)
Sex – Psychological Factors
• External Stimuli
– Seeing, hearing, or reading erotic
material
– Imagination and Daydreams
– Cultural Influences
– Personal Morals and Beliefs
– Media Portrayals of Sex
– Religious Convictions
– Drugs and Alcohol
– Contraception
Achievement
• Achievement Motivation refers to a desire
for significant accomplishment; for mastery
of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a
high standard
Achievement Motivation
• A desire for significant
accomplishment
• A desire for the mastery of things,
people, or ideas
• A desire for attaining a high
standard
Achievement
• Industrial-Organizational Psychology is the
application of psychological concepts and
methods to optimizing human behavior in the
workplace
– Personnel Psychology: focuses on recruitment,
selection, placement, training, appraisal, and
development of workers
– Organizational Psychology: focuses on how work
environments and management styles influence
worker motivation , satisfaction, and productivity
Achievement
• When applying achievement
motivation to a workforce, managers
generally chose one of the following:
– Theory X – workers will only work with
benefits or threatened with punishment
– Theory Y – workers have internal
motivation to do good work and only
need encouragement
Achievement
• Characteristics and Factors related to
one’s “need to achieve”:
– Job Satisfaction
– Employee Engagement
– Harness Your Strengths
– Set Goals
– Choosing An Appropriate Leadership Style
Achievement
• Characteristics and Factors related to
one’s “need to achieve”:
– A persistence and eagerness for realistic
challenges
– Ambition
– Energetic
– Self-disciplined
– Preparation
– Practice
Achievement
• Characteristics and Factors related to
one’s “need to achieve”:
– Disciplined Motivation
– Continuously Productive
– Positive Mood
– Leadership
– Organization and Goal Focus
– Mediating Conflict
When Motives Conflict
• Sometimes you know exactly what to do in
a situation, and sometimes the solution is
unclear, you are confused, or knowing
what you should do conflicts with what you
want to do.
• Approach-Approach Conflict
– This occurs when you have a choice between
two desirable outcomes
IE. Do I go to the rock concert or the ball
game? Both are great choices.
• Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
– Occurs when you must choose between to
undesirable outcomes
– IE. Do I clean my room first, or mow the
lawn?
• Approach-Avoidance Conflict
– A choice you are going to make has good and
bad potential outcomes
– IE. You are lactose intolerant, but that ice
cream cone on a hot day would be great.
• Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflicts
– You must choose between two or more
things, each with good and bad outcomes
– IE. Time for college. College A has your
major, but is too far from home. College B is
less expensive, but has too many students.
Developing Self Motivation
• Associate your high achievement
with positive emotions
• Connect your achievement with
your efforts
• Raise your expectations
Motivating Others
• Cultivate intrinsic motivation
• Attend to individual motives
• Set specific, challenging goals
• Choose an appropriate leadership
style
–Task leadership
–Social leadership