Transcript 13-Phonetics III

Phonetics III:
Dimensions of Articulation
October 15, 2012
A Quick and Dirty Review
• Let’s run through that last set of practice exercises…
• Last time we learned about….
• phonemes, phones, and allophones
• phonetic transcription
• the primary phonemes of the English language
• the principle of contrast
• This time we’ll learn:
• how we actually produce the sounds of English
vocal tract
Tools of the
Trade
diaphragm
A Basic Distinction
• Vowels and Consonants
• Vowels: unconstricted flow of air through vocal tract
(above the larynx)
• Consonants: completely or severely constricted flow of
air through vocal tract
• Also: sound is often created at the consonant
constriction
• Let’s look at the production of consonants first…
• (it’s easier to sense what we’re doing with our
articulators)
Consonants
•
Consonants are produced with more obstruction of the
airflow through the vocal tract than vowels
•
They are characterized by the following set of attributes:
1. Voicing
•
vocal fold position and movement
2. Place of Articulation
•
location of constriction in the vocal tract
3. Manner of Articulation
•
type of constriction made in the vocal tract
Voicing
•
•
On the way out of the lungs
•
Air passes through the trachea
•
Reaches the larynx
The larynx consists of two “vocal folds” which may be
opened and closed. If the vocal folds are:
1. open: air passes cleanly through
= voiceless sound
2. lightly brought together: vocal folds vibrate in passing air
= voiced sound
Vocal Fold Schematics
Voiceless (folds open)
Voiced (folds together)
Some Voicing Distinctions
• Among English consonants:
Voiceless
Voiced
Voiceless
Voiced
[f]
[v]
[p]
[b]
[t]
[d]
[k]
[g]
[s]
[z]
Laryngoscopy
Source: http://homepage.mac.com/changcy/endo.htm
Stefan’s Bogus video
Place of Articulation
• bilabial =
constriction made by both lips
• bilabial consonants in
English include:
[p]
[m]
[b]
Place of Articulation
• labio-dental =
constriction made by lower
lip and upper teeth
• labio-dental consonants in
English include:
[f]
[v]
Place of Articulation
• interdental =
constriction made by
pushing tip of tongue
between the teeth
• interdental consonants in
English include:
Place of Articulation
• alveolar =
constriction made by tip of
tongue against alveolar
ridge
• alveolar consonants in
English include:
[t]
[d]
[s]
[z]
[n]
[l]
Place of Articulation
• post-alveolar =
constriction made by blade
of tongue behind alveolar
ridge
• post-alveolar consonants
in English include:
[r]
Place of Articulation
• palatal =
constriction made by body
of tongue near top of the
palate
• the only palatal consonant
in English is:
[j]
Place of Articulation
• velar =
constriction made by back
of tongue against soft
palate
• velar consonants in
English include:
[k]
[g]
Place of Articulation
• glottal =
constriction made at the
glottis
• glottal consonants in
English include:
[h]
Stefan’s Bogus Video, again
Manner of Articulation
1. Stop = complete closure in vocal tract
•
English stops:
[p] [t] [k]
[b] [d] [g]
2. Fricative - narrow constriction that causes disruption of
airflow
•
think “friction”
•
English fricatives:
[f]
[s]
[v]
[z]
[h]
Manner of Articulation
3. Affricate
• = brief closure with a fricated release
• English affricates:
4. Nasal
• = velum is lowered and allows air to flow through
the nose
• English nasals:
[m]
[n]