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SKA – A Bridge to far, or not? Dr. Ir. Ton Engbersen1), Dr. Ir. Albert-Jan Boonstra2), Sci. Dir. ASTRON & IBM Center for Exascale Technology Research GmbH, Zurich – Switzerland 2) ASTRON – Dwingeloo, Netherlands 1) IBM SKA 1-2: What is it? ~0.25M Antennae .07GHz-0.45GHz. ~0.25M Antennae .5GHz-1.7GHz. Next generation radio astronomy: SKA-1: Start of deployment 2020 SKA-2: Start of deployment 2022+ ~3000 Dishes 3GHz-10GHz. SKA = Square Kilometer Array SKA: Data Processing? Processing Engine ~ 10 Pb/s ~ 1 PB/Day. 86’400 sec/day 330 disks/day 14 ExaByte/day 120’000 disks/yr 1. 109 samples/second * .5M antennae: 0.5 1015 samples/sec. 2. 3.5 109 samples/second * .5M antennae: 1.7 1015 samples/sec. 3. 2 1010 samples/second * 3K antennae: 6.1013 samples/sec Sum = 2 1015 samples/second @ 86400 seconds/day: 170 1018 (Exa) samples/day. 14 Exabytes/day (minimum). - Assume 10-12x reduction @antenna: 1 Exabyte: 140 “bible” books per Person on Earth ! LOFAR retro-analysis: Source: John Romein - ASTRON LOFAR -> SKA extrapolation: Power (kW) SKA-1 AA-low Front-end + CSP Both assume extremely efficient ADC: “90GS/s 8b 667mW 64x Interleaved SAR ADC in 32nm Digital SOI CMOS – ISSCC 2014. Using off-the shelf parts: ~ 1 Watt 1.5G/s add 0.6MW. Add 2x for cooling Add 1.5x for data transport and ‘headroom’ 1. 2. 3. 4. ~ 1.2MW ~ 6MW Power (kW) SKA-2 AA-low Front-end + CSP SKA-OFF.SE.ARC-SKO-SRS-001-1 30.2 Power SKA_1 low = 7MW LOFAR -> SKA extrapolation: Full array and full bandwidth imaging: Source: R. Jongerius – CALIM 2014 Note: strongly dependent on total antennae and baselines (O3) SKA-OFF.SE.ARC-SKO-SRS-001-1 30.2 Power SDP = 2-3.5MW LOFAR -> SKA extrapolation: Full array and full bandwidth imaging: Source: R. Jongerius – CALIM 2014 SKA-OFF.SE.ARC-SKO-SRS-001-1 30.2 Power SDP = 2-3.5MW Add cooling: ~2EOps/MW What does this mean? 2027 10,000,000.00 2 Eflop/1MW = 2*106 MFLOPS/Watt SKA-1 Data from (green)TOP500.org < 10 Years 1,000,000.00 20-30x 200-300x 10,000.00 1,000.00 MFLOPS/Watt - full 10x MFLOPS/Watt -Green 100.00 10.00 5 Years 1.00 2022-11 2021-11 2020-11 2019-11 2018-11 2017-11 2016-11 2015-11 2014-11 2013-11 2012-11 2011-11 2010-11 2009-11 2008-11 2008-2 MFLOPS/Watt 100,000.00 Year Dome Project: Research Streams… Sustainable Computing Nanophotonics Data & Streaming …are mapped to research projects: System Analysis Algorithms & Machines Computing - Microservers - Accelerators Transport - Nanophotonics - Real-Time Communications - Compressive Sampling Storage - Access Patterns Dome Project: Research Streams… Sustainable Computing Nanophotonics Data & Streaming …are mapped to research projects: System Analysis Algorithms & Machines Computing - Microservers - Accelerators Transport - Nanophotonics - Real-Time Communications - Compressive Sampling This workstream is (amongst other things) dealing with architecture definition Storage - Access Patterns Access patterns: Data units assignment example (1000 100GB chunks) Red: SSD Green: HDD Blue: Tape Budget = $23,000 Mean Response = 0.27 sec 12 Budget = $35,000 Mean Response = 0.0017 sec Sep 10 2013 IBM Confidential Optical Modules Microserver Microserver cards 5cm 128 cards, >1500 cores 13cm IBM at CeBIT 2013 – Rethink your business Development of a new ADC generating 1 billion conversions per second operating at only 1V will be critical in converting the radio signals to digital. 9 Promise: LF-AA front end for < 2 MW (all-in!) See: ICASSP2014, May – Florence, Italy ©©2013 2012IBM IBMCorporation Corporation IBM at CeBIT 2013 – Rethink your business 15 ©©2013 2012IBM IBMCorporation Corporation