שקופית 1

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Transcript שקופית 1

‫‪Knossos‬‬
‫קנוסוס העיר הגדולה והחשובה ביותר של‬
‫התרבות המינואית )‪.(Minoan civilization‬‬
‫היא משתרעת על שטח של מעל ‪ 20,000‬מ"ר‪.‬‬
‫אתר זה הוא האתר הארכיאולוגי‬
‫החשוב ביותר בכרתים‪.‬‬
‫על‪-‬פי המסורת‪ ,‬קנוסוס הייתה העיר בה עמד‬
‫ארמונו של המלך האגדי מינוס‪,‬‬
‫בה נבנה הלבירינט )‪ (Labyrinth‬בו שכן‬
‫המינוטאור )‪(Minotaur‬ובה התרחש סיפורם של‬
‫הטראגי של דדלוס ואיקרוס בנו‪.‬‬
‫פסל המינוטאורוס‪ ,‬שמקורו באי כרתים‪,‬‬
‫מוצג כיום במוזיאון הארכיאולוגי באתונה‬
‫קנוסוס הייתה מיושבת ברציפות החל מן התקופה הניאוליתית (‪ 7000‬עד ‪ 3000‬לפני הספירה)‪,‬‬
‫ועד התקופה הרומית ‪ .‬האתר שוכן על גבעה‪ ,‬במרחק ‪ 6‬ק"מ מחופה הצפוני של כרתים‪ ,‬ליד הרקליון‪.‬‬
‫הארמון נראה כמו מבוך של חדרי עבודה‪ ,‬חדרי המגורים ומחסנים‪ .‬קירותיו מכוסים בציורים‬
‫המתארים את החיים בכרתים בתקופת הברונזה המאוחרת‪.‬‬
‫‪Knossos‬‬
‫ארמון קנוסוס היה בנוי מארבעה אגפים סביב‬
‫חצר מרכזית‪ .‬על קירותיו התנוססו ציורי קיר‬
‫ססגוניים‪ .‬במקור נבנה הארמון במספר קומות‪.‬‬
‫סביב הארמון התגוררו פשוטי העם‪,‬‬
‫באזור זה נמצאו גם אזורי קבורה‪.‬‬
‫שיחזור מדרגות הכניסה לארמון‪ ,‬ע"פ אוונס‬
‫קנוסוס נשארה עיר חשובה בתקופת יוון הקלאסית ובתקופה הרומית‪ ,‬במאה ה‪ 9-‬עברה אוכלוסייתה להתגורר‬
‫בעיר חדשה בשם "הנדק" (היום הרקליון)‪ .‬במאה ה‪ 13-‬נקראה " ‪,'Makryteikhos 'Long Wall‬‬
‫הבישופים של גורטין (‪ ,)Gortyn‬המשיכו לכנות עצמם עד המאה ה‪ 19-‬בשם הבישוף של קנוסוס‪.‬‬
‫כיום משמש השם קנוסוס רק את האתר הארכיאולוגי‬
‫גילוי האתר וחפירות ארכיאולוגיות‬
‫שרידי העיר התגלו לראשונה בשנת ‪ 1878‬על ידי סוחר‬
‫וחובב עתיקות מכרתים בשם מינוס קלוקֵ רינוס ( ‪Μίνως‬‬
‫‪ ,)Καλοκαιρινός‬הוא ביצע את החפירה הארכיאולוגית‬
‫הראשונה באתר‪ .‬בחפירותיו גילה חלק מהמחסנים‬
‫באגף המערבי‪ ,‬וחלק מהחזית המערבית‪.‬‬
‫אחריו ניסה היינריך שלימן שחפר בטרויה‪,‬‬
‫להשיג פירמאן מהשלטונות הטורקים ששלטו בכרתים‪,‬‬
‫כדי לחפור במקום‪ ,‬אך נכשל במשימה זו‪.‬‬
‫את המחקר על אתר קנוסוס ביצע הארכיאולוג הבריטי‬
‫ארתור אוואנס ‪ (Arthur Evans),‬והוא זה ששיחזר‬
‫במשך שנים רבות של עבודה חלקים מן הארמון‪,‬‬
‫פעולה שנוייה במחלוקת ‪ -‬עד היום‪ .‬רבים טוענים כי‬
‫אוונס נתן דרור לדמיונו במקום להתמקד בממצאים‪.‬‬
‫השרידים הנראים כיום באתר אינם שרידיו של הארמון‬
‫המקורי‪ ,‬שנבנה בשנת ‪ 2,000‬לפני הספירה ונהרס‬
‫ברעידת אדמה בשנת ‪ 1,700‬לפני הספירה‪,‬‬
‫אלא של ארמון מאוחר (ומורכב יותר) שנבנה במקום‪.‬‬
‫‪Arthur Evans‬‬
‫(‪)1851-1941‬‬
‫בשנות השמונים והתשעים של המאה ה‪,19-‬‬
‫נהג אוונס לשוטט בשווקי יוון‪ ,‬שם נתקל‬
‫באבני חן מגולפות ובחותמות שנשאו סמלים‬
‫אותם ראה קודם לכן על גבי כדים מיקנים‪.‬‬
‫הוא הבחין גם בכתובות זעירות שהופיעו על‬
‫גביהן‪ .‬אוונס שחקר מהו המוצא של אבנים‬
‫וחותמות אלו‪ ,‬נענה שמקורן בכרתים‪.‬‬
‫בשנת ‪ 1894‬הגיע אוונס לכרתים‪ ,‬כדי‬
‫לבדוק את אמינות המידע שקיבל‪.‬‬
‫הוא הגיע לגבעה עליה מצא שברי חרס‬
‫בסגנון מיקני‪ .‬לאחר משא ומתן שנמשך‬
‫חמש שנים קנה אוונס את השטח‪.‬‬
‫במארס ‪ ,1900‬החל אוונס שהיה חסר כל‬
‫ניסיון בחפירות ארכיאולוגיות‪ ,‬לחפור באתר‪.‬‬
‫לשם כך שכר מספר רב של פועלים‬
‫מקומיים‪ .‬לאחר מספר שבועות מצא מבנה‬
‫גדול מאד‪ ,‬שכלל מערכת של חדרים‬
‫ומסדרונות‪ .‬זה היה הארמון של קנוסוס‪.‬‬
‫מפת האתר‬
Evans with the architect Th. Fyfe and the archaeologist D. Mackenzie.
Evans employed a large staff of local labourers
as excavators and within a few months had
uncovered a substantial portion of what he
named the Palace of Minos. The term 'palace'
may be misleading: in modern English, it
usually refers to an elegant building used to
house a head of state or similar. Knossos was
an intricate collection of over 1000 interlocking
rooms, some of which served as artisans'
workrooms and food processing centres .It
served as a central storage point, and a
religious and administrative centre. The throne
room that was discovered was repainted by a
father-and-son team of artists, both named
Émile Gilliéron, at Arthur Evans' command.
Evans based the recreations on archaeological
evidence, but drew criticism from some
quarters, because some of the best-known
frescoes from the throne room are believed to
be inventions of the Gilliérons.
Legend
The palace is about 130 meters on a side and since the Roman period has been
suggested as the source of the myth of the Labyrinth, an elaborate mazelike structure
built for King Minos of Crete and designed by the legendary artificer Daedalus to hold the
Minotaur, a creature that was half man and half bull and was eventually killed by the
Athenian hero Theseus.
Minos, illustration by Gustave Doré for Dante Alighieri's Inferno.
Labyrinth may have come from labrys, a
word referring to a double, or two-bladed,
axe. Its representation had religious and
probably magical significance. It was used
throughout the Mycenaean world as an
apotropaic symbol, that is, the presence of
the symbol on an object would prevent it
from being "killed". Axes were scratched on
many of the stones of the palace. It appears
in pottery decoration and is a motif of the
Shrine of the Double Axes at the palace.
Greek coins from Crete,all 1000 after Minoan
destruction.
From the top :Minotaur, Apollo, Poseidon & different
versions of the labyrinth.
Description of Palace
The great palace was built gradually between 1700 and 1400 BC, with periodic
rebuildings after destruction. Structures preceded it on Kephala hill. The features
currently most visible date mainly to the last period of habitation, which Evans
termed Late Minoan. The palace has an interesting layout - the original plan can no
longer be seen because of the subsequent modifications.
Palace of Knossos
The 1,300 rooms are connected with corridors of varying sizes and direction,
which is different than other palaces of the time period which connected the
rooms via several main hallways. The 6 acres (24,000 m2) of the palace included a
theatre, a main entrance on each of its four cardinal faces, and extensive
storerooms (also called magazines). The storerooms contained pithoi (large clay
vases) that held oil, grains, dried fish, beans, and olives. Many of the items were
created at the palace itself, which had grain mills, oil presses, and wine presses.
Liquid Management
The palace had at least three separate liquid management systems, one for supply, one for
drainage of runoff, and one for drainage of waste water.
Aqueducts brought fresh water to Kephala hill from springs at Archanes, about 10 km away.
Springs there are the source of the Kairatos river, in the valley of which Kephala is located. The
aqueduct branched to the palace and to the town. Water was distributed at the palace by gravity
feed through terracotta pipes to fountains and spigots. The pipes were tapered at one end to
make a pressure fit, with rope for sealing. The water supply system would have been manifestly
easy to attack.[citation needed]
Sanitation drainage was through a closed system leading to a sewer apart from the hill.
Ventilation
Due to its placement on the hill, the
palace received sea breezes during the
summer.
Minoan Columns
The palace also includes the Minoan
Column, a structure notably different
from other Greek columns. Unlike the
stone columns characteristic of other
Greek architecture, the Minoan column
was constructed from the trunk of a
cypress tree, common to the
Mediterranean. While most Greek
columns are smaller at the top and wider
at the bottom to create the illusion of
greater height, the Minoan columns are
smaller at the bottom and wider at the
top, a result of inverting the cypress
trunk to prevent sprouting once in place.
The columns at the Palace of Minos were
painted red and mounted on stone bases
with round, pillow-like capitals.
Frescoes
Frescoes decorated the walls. As the
remains were only fragments, fresco
reconstruction and placement by the
artist Piet de Jong is not without
controversy. These sophisticated,
colorful paintings portray a society
which, in comparison to the roughly
contemporaneous art of Middle and
New Kingdom Egypt, was either
conspicuously non-militaristic or did
not choose to portray military themes
anywhere in their art.
"Procession"
The Cup Bearer
New Palace period (1500-1450 BC)
One remarkable feature of their art is the colour-coding of the sexes: the men are
depicted with ruddy skin, the women as milky white. Almost all their pictures are
of young or ageless adults, with few children or elders depicted. In addition to
scenes of men and women linked to activities such as fishing and flower
gathering, the murals also portray athletic feats.
The replica of the Ladies in Blue Fresco. The original adorned the large
ante-chamber of the Throne Room in the East Wing of the palace.
The ladies of the court, dressed with great elegance according to the fashion
of the day, engage in conversation .
The most notable of these is bull-leaping, in which an athlete grasps the bull's horns and vaults over the
animal's back. The question remains as to whether this activity was a religious ritual, possibly a sacrificial
activity, or a sport, perhaps a form of bullfighting. Many people[who?] have questioned if this activity is
even possible; the fresco might represent a mythological dance with the Great Bull. The most famous
example is the Toreador Fresco, painted around 1550–1450 BC, in which a young man, flanked by two
women, apparently leaps onto and over a charging bull's back. It is now located in the Archaeological
Museum of Herakleion
Bull-leaping is a motif of Middle Bronze Age figurative art, notably of Minoan
Crete, but also found in Hittite Anatolia, the Levant, Bactria and the Indus Valley.
It is often interpreted as a depiction of a ritual performed in connection with bull
worship. This ritual consists of an acrobatic leap over a bull; when the leaper
grasps the bull's horns, the bull will violently jerk his neck upwards giving the
leaper the momentum necessary to perform somersaults and other acrobatic
tricks or stunts. Another interpretation could be that bull-leaping is a rite of
passage for young men in this Minoan culture.
Fresco from the "Palace of Minos", Knossos
‫נסיך השושנים בציור קיר בארמון‬
The copy of the Blue Monkey Fresco. The original was found in the House
of the Frescoes, northwest of the palace of Knossos .
Faience plaques from the
“Town Mosaic”. New Palace
period (1600-1500 BC)
‫גרם המדרגות המרכזי בצידו‬
‫המערבי של הארמון‬
Throne Room
The centerpiece of the "Minoan" palace
was the so-called Throne Room or Little
Throne Room, dated to 1500-1000 BC. This
chamber has an alabaster seat identified
by Evans as a "throne" built into the north
wall. On three sides of the room are
gypsum benches. A sort of tub area is
opposite the throne, behind the benches,
termed a lustral basin, meaning that Evans
and his team saw it as a place for
ceremonial purification.
The room was accessed from an anteroom
through two double doors. The anteroom
in turn connected to the central court,
which was four broad steps up through
four doors. The anteroom had gypsum
benches also, with carbonized remains
between two of them thought to be a
possible wooden throne. Both rooms are
located in the ceremonial complex on the
west of the central court.
Griffin fresco in the "Throne Room"
‫אולם המלכה באגף המזרחי של הארמון ‪The Queen's Megaron with fresco.‬‬
‫פרסקו הדולפינים באולם המלכה‬
‫אמבטיית המלכה‬
Reconstruction drawing
of the bathroom, 1930
The Queen's Megaron contained
an example of the first water
flushing system toilet adjoining
the bathroom. This toilet was a
seat over a drain flushed by
pouring water from a jug. The
bathtub located in the adjoining
bathroom similarly had to be filled
by someone heating, carrying,
and pouring water, and must have
been drained by overturning into a
floor drain or by bailing. This
toilet and bathtub were
exceptional structures within the
1,300-room complex.
Society
A long-standing debate between
archaeologists concerns the main
function of the palace, whether it acted
primarily as an administrative center, a
religious center—or both, in a theocratic
manner. Other important debates
consider the role of Knossos in the
administration of Bronze Age Crete, and
whether Knossos acted as the primary
center, or was on equal footing with the
several other contemporary palaces that
have been discovered on Crete. Many of
these palaces were destroyed and
abandoned in the early part of the 15th
century BC, possibly by the
Mycenaeans, although Knossos
remained in use until destroyed by fire
about one hundred years later. Knossos
showed no signs of being a military site;
no fortifications or stores of weapons,
for example.
Snake Goddess from Knossos -1600 BC
Fresco from Knossos, Late Minoan IB, 1500 BC
Bull's Head, Minoan. Painted stucco relief,
Knossos. Middle Minoan II B, 1600 BC.
‫בחפירות התגלו גם אלפי ממצאים שכללו כדי אחסון מחרס בגובה של אדם‪ ,‬אבני חן‪ ,‬גביעים‪,‬‬
‫קנקנים וכן מאות לוחות חרס עם כתובות‪ .‬בנוסף התגלו על קירות הארמון ציורי קיר רבים‪.‬‬
Phitoi en Knossos
Ruins of Knossos Palace
Storage vessels
There were big stone horns about 6 feet high on
the side of the building to represent bulls horns
because the bull was a sacred animal .
The West Bastion features a copy of the relief fresco of the Bull in an Olive Grove. It
shows the capture of a wild bull in a landscape with olive trees. The strength and
terror of the bull are vividly captured in the rendering of the head
The restored West Bastion of the North Entrance Passage. The
North Lustral Area is also visible in the background
‫מראות האתר הארכיאולוגי‬
Luxurious gaming board, known as the “Chessboard”
with inlays of ivory, rock crystal and glass paste,
covered with gold and silver leaf on wooden base.
Knossos 1600-1500 BC
Grand Staircase and veranda of the shields
“Theatral Area” “Royal Road”
‫בקנוסוס התגלו אלפי ממצאים מרשימים ויחידים במינם‪.‬‬
‫המוצגים במוזיאון הארכיאולוגי בהרקליון‪.‬‬
‫ראו מצגת‪Heraclion-Archaeological Museum :‬‬
‫קלריטה ואפרים‬
‫הנכם מוזמנים להיכנס לאתר שלנו‪:‬‬
‫‪www.clarita-efraim.com‬‬
‫נשמח לתגובות‬
:‫מקורות‬
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knossos
‫קנוסוס‬http://he.wikipedia.
‫התרבות המינאית‬http://he.wikipedia
http://www.masa.co.il/article
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minoan_civilization
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaistos_Disc
http://www.ou.edu/finearts/art/ahi4913/aegeanhtml/minoanarchk1.html
http://www.heraklion-crete.org/knossos.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Evans
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne_Room,_Knossos
http://www.mariekimmeldevitt.info/labyrinth/index.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Schliemann
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum_of_Athens
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Knossos?uselang=he
.1999 ‫ יולי‬,‫מסע אחר – מטיילים – כרתים‬