Transcript Slide 1
SOCIOLOGY OF SPORT THEORETICAL FORMULATIONS Theory of Centrality Central Positions: Close to each other, high degree of interaction, decision making positions, task dependent. Non- Central Positions: Not close to each other, low degree of interaction, lacks decision making authority, task independent. Stacking: Assign blacks to certain positions A. Stacking In: 1.Football 2.Baseball A Comparison of Race and Position Occupancy Within Defensive Teams in Major League Football in 1968 Playing Position American League National League Both League White Black White Black White Black Middle Linebacker 8 2 16 0 24 2 Right Linebacker 10 0 15 1 25 1 Left Linebacker 8 2 15 1 23 3 Right End 6 4 12 4 18 8 Right Tackle 7 3 13 3 20 6 Left Tackle 7 3 10 6 17 9 Left End 8 2 11 5 19 7 Right Safety 7 3 10 6 17 9 Left Safety 7 3 10 6 17 9 Right Cornerback 2 8 6 10 8 18 Left Cornerback 1 9 3 13 4 22 N= 71 39 121 55 192 94 Race Postion White Black Total Central 72 6 78 Noncentral 120 88 208 192 94 286 X² = 29.26; p<.0005 (df = l) “Racial Segregation in American Sport” Loy and Elvogue Sport in the Social Cultural Process, p. 315. Position Attributes: Football? QB Running Back Wide Receiver Line Backer Offensive Line Defensive Line D Back Punter/ Field Goal Kicker Position Attributes: Baseball? Picture Catcher 1st Base 2nd Base 3rd Base SS L field C Field R Field Black Quarterbacks: 2005 Three Conferences (2005) account for 19 of the 34 teams starting Black QBs. Southeast: 7 Big 12: 6 Conference USA: 6 Black QBs: Texas- Vince Young, LSU- JaMarcus Russell; Virginia Tech- Marcus Vick; FloridaChris Leak; Georgia- D.J. Shocky; Ohio StateTroy Smith; Georgia Tech- Reggie Ball; VirginiaMargues Hagans USA Today, Sept. 22, 2005 African Americans In College Baseball Blacks make-up only 4.5% of all NCAA Baseball players ( 2004) as compared to: 42% Basketball 32% Football Black Baseball Participation Rates( Butts,Hatfield,Hatfield) College # Black Players Alabama 1 26% # of Black Fans 15 Auburn 26% 7 3021 Arkansas 1 15.7% 0 7156 Florida 3 14.6% 8 2607 Georgia 1 28.7% 10 1958 7.3% 6 1250 3 Kentucky 1 State Pop. Average Attend. 4172 Stacking: Changing Central to Non-Central Positions High School to College College to Pro Why Change? Stacking and Social Mobility in Sport Coaches and Managers Athletic Directors Theory: Stacking Stereotyping Hypothesis Prohibitive Cost Role Modeling Family Structure Social Darwinism Personality Differences Stacking: Other Sports Basketball Volleyball Soccer Hoberman Thesis The sports fixation is a direct result of the exclusion of blacks from every cognitive elite of the past century and the resulting starvation for “race heroes” “Negro” inferiority complex. Athletes seen as the most prominent symbols of black achievement Hoberman- cont. Black children’s perception that academic pursuit is “acting white”. Transcending Stereotypes: Level playing field? Overlooking Lower Expectations Cutting Off Intensified Scrutiny Negative Comments Stacking and Global Sports Soccer Field Hockey Track and Field