Transcript Water Management and Water Audits

Water Management
and
Water Audits
WATER MANAGEMENT
The basic processes of managing water
for human use are:
– collection
– storage
– treatment and,
– distribution of water.
WATER LEGISLATION
The government set standards for
water management and the
quality and use of water.
The key players
GOVERNMENT
MUNICIPALS
WATER AUTHORITIES
Are the key players in public water management
and they have several policy instruments at their
disposal.
The key players (continued)
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The following organizations also can play
a key role in water related services.
• Health offices,
• Private potable water companies and,
• Irrigation water committees
The water management
instruments
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Water Legistlation
Water pricing
Permits
Fees and fines
Investments in infrastructure
Scientific research
Providing information to the public
Monitoring and evaluation
Why Do We Need Water
Management?
• Problems due to water quality and quantity
are incresing rapidly not only in Cyprus but
also all over the world.
• Large savings are possible with very cost
effective WMOs.
• public money should be spent according to
the rules and should be used efficiently
and effectively.
N. Cyprus water use
24%
Agriculture
Domestic
76%
N. Cyprus has 30 millions m3
water deficit annually
BRAKISH WATER
• Due excessive water pumping underground
water in Magosa became brakish.
• In Guzelyurt Area underground water is
seriously under threath.
• 20 Years ago mains water was edible in Lefkosa
and Magosa.
• At present the water from the mains has poor
quality and not enough. (Even in winter season)
WATER MANAGEMENT
• In order to ensure the most efficient use of water
in agriculture and domestic sectors we should
do water audits.
• A detailed water audit in agriculture sector
obtains the background information on the site's
soils, plants, sun exposure, slopes, low areas,
system type, installation, and much more hard
data. It tells us how well a system is working, or
in most cases, how poorly, where the problem
areas are, and with the results, how to get the
existing system to perform at peak using less
water.
Irrigation Water Audit
Water auditing is a method of quantifying
water flows and quality in systems in order
to reduce water usage and save.
Water auditing is a mechanism for
conserving water, which will grow in
significance in the future as demand for
water increases.
Irrigation Water Audit (continued)
The amount of water a site should be using
can be determined if the following data is
available.
• Water-use history for the site being
audited.
• The type of landscape area.
• Evapotranspiration data.
Domestic Sector
A successful water management
program depends on a clear and
complete understanding of how a
facility uses water and the true cost of
that water.
Water Audit in Domestic Sector
• Water-use history for the facility being
audited.
• The type of facility
• The next step in the water audit involves a
close inspection of the system.
Water Use Survey
Procedure
Auditing, Leak Detection & Metering
• Water Auditing, Surveys & Reporting
• Leak Detection
• Metering
Goal of Auditing
• Identify, quantify, and verify water losses
and costs
• Identify water efficiency resource
opportunities
Auditing Information
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Building floor plan
Plumbing drawings
Facility operating schedules
Number of employees and
visitors
• Maintenance and janitorial
schedules
• Lists of water-using
equipment
• Number of plumbing fixtures
• Outdoor water use
applications, quantity, and
schedule
• Prior water and energy
surveys
• Water bills for past two years
• Anticipated water billing rates
for next two years
• Records of actual water use
for last two years
• Maps showing location of
each water meter
• Recommended flow rates of
water-using equipment
Comprehensive Facility Survey
• Assemble Survey Team
– Facility Manager
– Utility Engineer
– Maintenance Department
– Water Utility
– Water Management Consultant
– Qualified Contractors
Comprehensive Facility Survey
• Perform Detailed Survey
– Walk through facility
– Compare floorplans/drawings with actual
conditions
– Record hours of operation for all water-using
equipment
– Verify operating schedule and building
occupants
Comprehensive Facility Survey
• Perform Detailed Survey
– Determine the amount of water used by
each plumbing fixture
– Measure water used by other water
consuming equipment
– Take water meter/submeter readings
– Identify direction of water flow and quality
Comprehensive Facility Survey
• Measure/Estimate Water Usage by:
– Fixture type
– HVAC systems
– Irrigation
– All other using process/equipment
– Losses
Comprehensive Facility Audit
• Identify specific cost effective projects
– Lowest Life Cycle Cost
– Less than 10 year payback
Water Use Survey Data
Forms
(lpm/day)
l/m=litres per minute
(kW)
Lpm=litres per minute; kW=kilowatts; kPa=kilopascal
(kPa)
(kPa)
Water Leaks
• One drip per second = 10,800 to
12,800 L/yr
• A leaking toilet can waste 80 to
160 litres of water per day.
Finding a water leak
Use the water meter to help find leaks.
• Turn off all faucets and water-using equipment.
• Find the water meter and note the position of the
sweep hand, or use a marker on the lens cover.
• Wait 20-30 minutes and check the sweep hand
location again. If the sweep hand has moved,
there is probably a leak somewhere in the
system.
• Most meters have a red "telltale" indicator. If it is
moving when all water is off, there probably is a
leak.
Looking for leaks
• A toilet may have a silent leak. Drop a little food
coloring into the tank. Wait about 10 minutes
without flushing. If color appears in the bowl, the
toilet is leaking.
• Replace worn washers in faucets and
showerheads to prevent leaks.
Looking for industrial leaks
• Use fluorescent dyes to pinpoint leaks in static
and circulating water systems, boilers, storage
tanks and other high-volume containers.
• Also use them to locate leaks in piping, valves,
condensers, sprinkler system pumps, seams,
welds and fittings.
• Add a small amount of fluorescent dye to a
system and allow it to circulate. Wherever the
water escapes, the dye does too, and it remains
at the sites of the leaks.
Looking for industrial leaks
• When the system is scanned with a highintensity ultraviolet lamp, the dye glows brightly
to pinpoint the precise location of every leak.
• Dyes are also useful for preventive maintenance
programs because they remain safely in the
system and will expose new leaks whenever the
system is inspected with the lamp.
Source: www.spectroline.com.
Water Metering and
Submetering
Metering
• Importance of Metering
• Level of Metering
– Main Facility Meter
– Submeters
– Temporary Meters