Transcript Introduction to Pathology

Introduction to Pathology
Dr.H.Zahawi,FRC.Path
Study of Medicine & Disease
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Greek : Pathos Logus
Pathology is the study of suffering
Disease is Dis-ease
Egyptian,Arabs, Greece, Rome, middle ages
Scientific Revolution 16th.-17th.
What is Pathology ?
• Study of disease by scientific methods
• Individual’s reaction to injury & its effect on body
• Effect recognized by structural &functional
changes  PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
• Result is either compensated , decompensated
or causes death .
• Links basic science to clinical practice
History of Pathology
Anisim
Humors
Morbid anatomy
Cellular path.
Influence of magic or supernatural
Deficiency or excess body fluids
Hippocrates ‘Father of Medicine’
Postmortems & gross pathology ( 300BC)
Van Leeuwenhoek ‘microscope’
17th.century
Study of cells  Rudolf Virchow
‘Father of Pathology’
Microscopes 17th.-19th.century
Pathology in the 21st.century
• Many new techniques
Subcellular
Electron Microscopy
Molecular
Genetics
• KNOW THE NORMAL BEFORE THE ABNORMAL
Branches of Pathology
• Anatomic pathology : Study of tissues or cells
- Postmortem Examination ( autopsy )
- Forensic Pathology
- Surgically removed specimens
- Cytology of smears, Fine Needle Aspiration
• Clinical pathology :
- Clinical chemistry
- Hematology
- Microbiology
- Immunology
- Genetics
How Pathology is taught
• General pathology : studies mechanism & the
characteristics of principle types of disease
processes e.g.
- cell injury
- inflammation
- neoplasia
• Systemic pathology : studies specific diseases in
specific organ systems. e.g.
- lung abscess
- breast cancer
Steps in study of diseases
• Epidemiological aspects
• Etiology: identifiable cause of disease
- Intrinsic : genetic
- Extrinsic : acquired
- Idiopathic
• Pathogenesis : Sequence of events in the response
of cells& tissues to the etiological agent, from the
initial stimulus to the final expression of disease.
This response can be studied morphologically,
biochemical, immunologically or at molecular
level.
• Pathological & clinical features including
biochemical tests, radiological findings
INTEGRATE ALL INFORMATION !!!!!
• Complications & sequelae :
Events taken during the disease process that may
impair full recovery
• Treatment
• Prognosis :
A forecast as to the probable result of an attack of
disease and the prospect of recovery.
To aid diagnosis , study morphology :
• Samples for study include cells, biopsy or whole
organ :
- Gross or macroscopic appearance
- Histological or microscopic appearance
- Electron microscopy or ultrastructure
• Genetic & molecular methods may aid diagnosis
Sample case
A 60 year old woman with a lump in the
neck of 6 months duration.
Patient has fever & raised BMR ( ESR)
On examination she also had enlarged
inguinal lymph nodes.
Further investigations were within normal
• Biopsy was taken
i.e. tissue removed for microscopical exam
Follicular Lymphoma
• Genetic Studies :
Translocation t18: 14
• Treatment : Chemotherapy
• Prognosis : Good
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Opened uterus with leiomyomas
Gross
Microscopy
Gross ????
Electron microscopy useful in some cases
CONCLUSION :
• PATHOLOGY AIDS IN DIAGNOSIS
& MANAGEMENT OF DISEASE PROCESSES
• PATHOLOGY IS THE BASES OF MEDICINE