Transcript Slide 1

Solar radiation
Vapour

Precipitation

Transpiration

Interception by
plants
Evaporation
   Drip flow
 
Surface storage
Infiltration
Storage in plants
Osmosis (taken into
plants through
roots)

Surface or overland flow
Soil storage
(in rocks)
Storage
Transfers
Soil throughflow
River channel
River
Percolation
Ground storage
Inputs

Outputs
Groundflow (rocks)
flow
PEAK
DISCHARGE
LAG TIME
RECESSION
LIMB
RISING LIMB
River flow
or
discharge
(m³/sec)
STORM
FLOW
BASE FLOW
Peak of
precipitation
event (storm)
Time
Discharge is the amount of
water in the river
FLOODING IN SE ENGLAND (SUSSEX AND KENT)
OCTOBER 2000 River Medway
Why??
•A low pressure system was over Britain bringing very heavy rain.
•180mm fell in 72 hours!
•Soils became saturated so water ran off the surface reaching the rivers quickly
•High tides stopped floodwaters escaping to the sea
•Towns have been built on floodplains. Rain moved quickly over impermeable surfaces.
There was less interception from vegetation.
Why does Bangladesh
suffer from severe
flooding?
•Low lying & flat
•Poor and over crowded
•Thousands of people live on
flood plains
•3 rivers meet in the centre of the
country
•Monsoon rains from May to
September
•Deforestation in Nepal, India
and Northern Bangladesh
•Silt washed down from the
Himalayas
• In 1998 the floods in Bangladesh
were the worst ever experienced.
They lasted for over 2 months and
over half of the country was under
water.
• 1200 people were killed and
millions of families were left
homeless.
• Water is knee deep for may months
and people are forced to live in
cramped conditions in the flood
waters.
• Disease spreads quickly.
• People die as they are washed
away in the flood waters.
• Food production stops as farmers
land is flooded.
The formation of Waterfalls
•Hard rock lies on top of soft rock.
•They erode at different rates (speeds).
•The soft rock erodes quickly to leave the hard rock overhanging.
•This overhang eventually collapses and the debris falls to the base of the
waterfall.
•This debris erodes a deep plunge pool at the foot of the waterfall.
•The process is repeated and over time the waterfall face retreats
backwards.
When a river reaches a meander
most of the water is directed to
the outside of the bend. Most of
the energy is focussed here.
EROSION
DEPOSITION
The water on the inside of the
meander the water flows slowly. As
the river loses energy I will deposit
sediment. This develops a SLIP
OFF SLOPE.
The outside of the bend is
undercut, collapses and
retreats leaving a RIVER
CLIFF.
As lateral erosion continues the meanders
become more exaggerated.
This can cause the river to flow too slowly!
Erosion on two outside bends can bring
them closer together
During floods the channel may break
through the neck of the bends and
straighten its course
Levees
Straighten
Channel
Dam
Flood
Protection
Methods
Lining with Concrete
Planting Trees
Contour Ploughing
The cliff is no longer straight due to the
different rates of erosion.
•The headlands JUT out to sea
•The bays are wide inlets
Swanage bay is a famous example of bays and headlands. Two headlands
(Peveril point and Hardfast point) are made from hard chalk and limestone. The
softer clay has eroded much more quickly to form swanage bay. At Hardfast point
lies Harry and his wife! (stack & stump!)
Longshore Drift (LSD)
Blakeney Spit
A bar is a long stretch of beach material (sand or
shingle) that joins together two headlands. A
lagoon usually forms behind the bar. An example
of a sand bar is Slapton Ley in Devon.
Rapid Erosion at Holderness
Why rapid erosion?
•Cliffs are made of clay which is soft and crumbles easily.
•The beach is being removed by LSD and moved to Spurn head (spit).
•Mappleton is disappearing at one of the fastest rates in Europe.
•People are losing their homes and businesses.
Sea wall
Revetments
Rip Rap
Beach rebuilding
Groynes
Offshore breakwater
Gabions
Coastal Defences
Remember!
The Earth’s surface is
cracked into large pieces
called plates.
•Constructive
•Destructive
•Collision
•Conservative
The plates move in
different directions.
Earthquakes and volcanoes
occur where the plates
meet.
•These are called plate
boundaries.
Collision Plate Boundary – Two plates move
TOWARDS each other and form fold mountains.
E.G. Himalayas.
Conservative Plate Boundaries – Two plates
SLIDE PAST each other either in different directions
or at different speeds. E.G. San Andreas Fault in LA.
Constructive Plate Boundary – two plates
move AWAY from each other. E.G. Mid
Atlantic Ridge.
Destructive Plate Boundary – Two plates move
TOWARDS each other and one sinks. E.G. Mount
Vesuvius in Pompeii
The Kobe Earthquake
1995
Japan is positioned on
the boundary of the
Eurasian plate and the
Philippines plate.
•20, 000 building collapsed.
•3500 people died.
•250,000 people left homeless.
•Cracks in roads.
•$50 billion damage.
•Trains came off there rails.
•Roads and motorways
collapsed.
•100 hectares damaged by
fires.
At 5.46am on January 17th 1995, whilst
many of its citizens were still asleep, the
Japanese city of Kobe was hit by largest
earthquake in Japan since 1923. It
measured 7.2 on the Richter Scale. Kobe
lies only 20 KM away from the epicentre.
What caused Mount
Pinatubo to Erupt?
(June 1991)
•30Km cloud of ash
covering a radius of
600km.
•200,000 buildings
collapsed.
•1 million animals died.
•100 people died from
lahars
•Advanced warnings
meant that thousands of
people could be evacuated
safely.
The Philippine plate is sinking beneath the Eurasian plate because the
plate is heavier. As it sinks the plate rub together forming friction and
heat. As the plates heat up they melt. As the volcano fills up with
magma, pressure builds up. When the pressure becomes too much the
volcano erupts.
What are the main
characteristics of a CBD?
What are the characteristics of
the inner city?
Old Industrial Glasgow
Glasgow has a long history. During the
industrial revolution it was the second largest
city in the British Empire. It thrived because of
ship building along the River Clyde and the
coal deposits needed for such industry.
However, most of the population lived in very
poor standards - Tenement buildings. These
had no running water or toilet facilities. Most
were disease ridden and rat infested!
Unemployment and poverty was widespread at
this time.
Redevelopment in Glasgow
The Gorbles area in Glasgow was cleared of its
slums and redeveloped. This is called
Comprehensive Redevelopment. Everybody was
moved out of the tenements and the area was
cleared.
It was known as the GEAR Project. Glasgow
Eastern Area Scheme.
It was designed to solve the terrible living
conditions in the inner city area.
Jobs were created, business encouraged to
grow, the environment was improved. However,
it wasn’t all a success.
• The Suburbs
• Half of the British population live in the SUBURBS.
• They are the areas of houses and gardens of similar size
and type. Sprowston is an example of a suburb of
Norwich.
• Housing density is relatively low especially compared to
the CBD and inner city.
• Built around the 1920’s and 30’s on land found at the
edge of the city. Large numbers of people moved to the
suburbs to improve their own standard of living this
process was called SUBURBANISATION.
Why leave the RURAL
Countryside?
Why move to the Bright Lights
of the City?
•Natural Disasters
•Reliable source of food
•Lack of food
•Search for better jobs
•Overpopulation
•Schools and hospitals
•Mechanisation
•Better quality of life
•Lack of employment
•Bright lights of the city
•Poor quality of life
•Better range of services and
entertainment
•Lack of services
A Favela ‘ Temporary accommodation often found at the
edge of an LEDC city where new arrivals squat on land.
What are the problems of
living in a Favela?
Think about….
•Housing
•Education
•Transport
•Family Life
•Healthcare
•Employment
How can they be improved?
Self help, low cost improvements??
Population
Population Distribution
•Population distribution describes the way in which,
people are spread out across the Earth’s surface.
The distribution is uneven.
Population Density
Key Words
Densely
Sparsely
Describes the number of people living in a given area
(kilometres squared).
Factors that cause a
sparse population
•Rugged Mountains
•Extreme climates
•Drought
•Thick vegetation
•Lack of water
•Devoid of natural resources
•Lack of transport links
•LEDC
•Political Instability
Factors that cause a
dense population
•Low flat land
•Reliable climate
•Deep fertile soil
•Reliable water supply
•Disease and pest free
•Large mineral deposits
•Canals, roads, airports
•Intensive farming
•Reliable source of food
•Political stability
Dense Population
E.G. Clydeside, Scotland
Sparse Population
E.G. Highlands of Scotland
•Jobs and people attract people
•Land is flat
•River Clyde is important for imports
and exports
•Coal & iron ore located close by
•Factories attract money & services
•Transport is good via motorways
and rail lines.
•Farming is difficult due to steep
slopes.
•Transport is poor.
•Few job opportunities.
•Low population.
•Long distances between towns and
cities.
•No raw materials located nearby.
Key Terms
•Birth Rates
•Death
Rates
•Natural
Increase
•Fluctuating
•Increase
•Decrease
•Rapid
•Steady
Population Pyramids – What do they tell us about a country?
Key Terms
•Birth rates
•Death rates
•Dependency Ration
•Ageing Population
•Young population
Birth rate is usually high in LEDC’s like
India because:
• Contraception not widely available or
often used.
• Large families as parents need their
children to work.
• High amount of infant deaths
(mortality) so people have more
children.
• Some countries don’t have access to
abortions.
• Religion, some religions to not believe
on abortion or contraception.
Kerala India have taken measures to
reduce their population:
•Vaccinations have raised life
expectancy lowering the BR.
•Contraception and sterilisation.
•Schooling, increase in literacy rate in
women, therefore choosing a career.
•Women with careers and don’t need to
have children for work as they are paid
minimum wage.
FORCED
MIGRATION
Voluntary
Migration
PUSH
PULL
Provider (-ve)
Receptor (+ve)
Mexico to USA
•People are legally and illegally migrating
to USA for employment reasons. They are
moving from an LEDC to a rich MEDC.
Improvements would be seen as
education, healthcare, wages, housing,
quality of life etc.
•The people that leave Mexico are often
the best educated and skilled people,
leaving behind unskilled labour. Mexico
spirals into decline as a result.
•The USA have to set up strict boarder
controls to try and stop illegal immigrants
from entering.
Tourism is one of the fastest growing industries in the world today. It creates
employment and money and allows people to earn a living. There are many
reasons for this. In the UK people have greater affluence than ever before and
can afford to take more or longer holidays We now work a shorter hours and
have more paid holidays per year than ever before. Transport has improved
greatly since the Second World War which allows us to travel around the world
cheaper and quicker than ever before.
The Costa del Sol has many things to offer including the climate, beaches and
scenery. Tourism creates jobs for local and allows the economy of the area to
develop. However, tourism can bring numerous problems. For example, the money
generated from tourism leaves the country and rarely benefits the locals. The
Spanish government are protecting areas, and are marketing the area as an up
market resort. They are promoting areas and activities that are less damaging such
as cycling and hiking. New buildings and hotels are being built small and have to
blend in with the local scenery.
Attractions: Climate, scenery,
mount Kenya, safari, beaches,
coral reefs, animals, culture,
Massai Mara tribes, diving, etc ….
Problems
•Mass tourism can create antagonism.
•Profits will go overseas.
•Overstretches infrastructure.
•Tourism leads to traffic congestion and pollution.
•Clearance of natural vegetation and the loss of ecosystems.
Benefits
•Improved landscaping and architectural standards.
•Creates employment.
•Promotes interest in historic buildings and monuments, encourage funding
for conservation.
•Encourages travel, mobility and social integration, which in turn will lead to a
reduction in prejudice and racial tension.
Solutions
•Compulsory dress code in certain areas.
•Hotels are small and fit in to local scenery.
•Number of tourists are controlled.
•Money spent on improving schools and water supplies.
Carbon dioxide is
created by cars,
burning fossil fuels,
and industry.
Rainforests are being
cut down and
destroyed.
Animals and habitats
around the world will
change and be
destroyed.
Sea temperatures will
rise causing natural
habitats to be
destroyed.
A build up of
greenhouse gases
causes the
atmosphere to trap in
solar energy.
CFC’s from aerosols,
foam packaging and
air conditioners are
full of greenhouse
gases.
Crops will fail as global
temperatures and
weather patterns will
change.
Sea levels will rise
flooding low lying
areas such as
Bangladesh and East
Anglia
Nitrogen dioxide is
created by cars and
industry.
Methane is produced
by decaying organic
matter.
Ice caps and glaciers
will melt.
Global climate patterns
will change seeing an
increase in flooding
and drought.
Where are they
located?
1949
– ‘areas of great natural
beauty giving opportunity for
open-air recreation, established
so that natural beauty can be
preserved and enhanced, and so
that the enjoyment of the scenery
by the public can be promoted’.
•National Parks are normally
located within easy reach of
major conurbations. This means
that lots of people live in a close
proximity to them. They are able
to take part in recreational
activities within the parks.
•Motorways have improved
access.
The Norfolk
Broads
Traditional
Uses
There are many
traditional uses
of the Norfolk
Broads.
They include
•Reed cutting
•Windmill
Pumps
•Farming
•Wherries
Advantages and disadvantages of using a National
Park
Footpaths are worn
away
Relaxation for town
dwellers
Walking, climbing and
other activities can be
conducted safely
Areas of outstanding
natural beauty are
preserved
Destruction of
vegetation
Congestion caused by
the high volumes of
people
Trees are planted to
conserve the area
Litter and vandalism
High numbers of
visitors spend money
in local shops
Second homes pushes Lots of locals are
up house prices
employed in tourism
Cars park in narrow
lanes and block the
roads