Transcript Slide 1

歌劇
Opera
•歌劇(意大利語:opera) 是一門西方舞台表
演藝術,簡單而言就是主要或完全以歌唱和音
樂來交代和表達劇情的戲劇,也即是唱出來而
不是說出來的戲劇。
•歌劇首先出現在17世紀的意大利,源自古希臘
戲劇的劇場音樂。歌劇的演出和戲劇的所需一
樣,都要憑藉劇場的典型元素,如背景、戲服
以及表演等。一般而言,較之其他戲劇不同的
是,歌劇演出更看重歌唱和歌手的傳統聲樂技
巧等音樂元素。
• Opera is an art form in which singers and
musicians perform a dramatic work
combining text (called a libretto) and
musical score. Opera is part of the
Western classical music tradition.
• Opera incorporates many of the elements
of spoken theatre, such as acting, scenery,
and costumes and sometimes includes
dance.
• 歌手和合唱團常有一隊樂器手負責伴奏,有的
歌劇只需一隊小樂隊,有的則需要一團完整的
管弦樂團。有些歌劇中都會穿插有舞蹈表演,
如不少法語歌劇都有一場芭蕾舞表演。
• 歌劇被視為西方經典音樂傳統的一部分,因此
和經典音樂一樣,流行程度不及當代流行音樂,
而近代的音樂劇被視為歌劇的現代版本。
• The performance is typically given in an
opera house, accompanied by an orchestra
or smaller musical ensemble.
•歌劇最早出現在16世紀的意大利,既而傳播到
歐洲各國,而德國的海因里希·許茨、法國的
讓-巴普蒂斯特·呂利和英格蘭的亨利·珀賽爾分
別在他們自己的國家,開創了17世紀歌劇的先
河。
•一直到18世紀,意大利歌劇依然是歐洲的主流,
縱然巴黎吸引了不少外國作曲家到法國謀生,
韓德爾也最終落腳英倫。
• Opera started in Italy at the end of the
16th century and soon spread through the
rest of Europe: Schütz in Germany, Lully in
France, and Purcell in England all helped to
establish their national traditions in the
17th century.
• However, in the 18th century, Italian opera
continued to dominate most of Europe,
except France, attracting foreign
composers such as Handel.
•意大利歌劇的主流一直是正歌劇,直至格魯克
在1760年代推出的「革新歌劇」,以對抗正歌
劇的矯揉造作。而今天依然著名的18世紀歌劇
巨匠,顯然是莫札特。
•正歌劇常帶有振奮的音調和還有高度格式化的
曲式,通常由乾宣敘調和返始詠嘆調(da
capo aria)。這些特色給予當時的歌劇唱家
很大的發揮空間,令他們成為正歌劇黃金時代
的明星。當時英雄的角色常為閹伶而設,或用
女高音代替。
• Italian opera
• In the 18th century, opera seria was the
most prestigious form of Italian opera,
until Gluck reacted against its artificiality
with his "reform" operas in the 1760s.
Today the most renowned figure of late
18th century opera is Mozart.
• Opera seria was elevated in tone and
highly stylised in form, usually consisting
of secco recitative interspersed with long
da capo arias. These afforded great
opportunity for virtuosic singing and
during the golden age of opera seria the
singer really became the star.
•除了意大利歌劇外,尚有其他語言的歌劇 :
*德語歌劇
*法語歌劇
*俄語歌劇
*英語歌劇
*西班牙語歌劇
*捷克語歌劇
*匈牙利語歌劇
*波蘭語歌劇
等等。
• In addition to Italian opera, there are
other language opera:
* German-language opera (German opera)
* French opera
* Russian opera
* English-language opera (Opera in English)
* Spain opera
* Czech opera
* Hugarian opera
* Polish opera
•德語歌劇
•首齣德語歌劇是德國作曲家海因里希·許茨在
1627年所寫的《達芙妮》,但曲譜已經散佚。
直到18世紀為止,意大利歌劇對德語地區一直
有很大的影響力。不過本土形式也非停滯不前。
•1644年,西格蒙德·施塔登(Sigmund
Theophil Staden)首創了歌唱劇,以音樂化
的對白代替意大利歌劇宣敘調的地位。
• German-language opera (German
opera)
• The first German opera was Dafne,
composed by Heinrich Schütz in 1627, but
the music score has not survived. Italian
opera held a great sway over Germanspeaking countries until the late 18th
century. Nevertheless, native forms
developed too.
•法語歌劇
•在不斷引入意大利歌劇的同時,意大利人讓-巴普
蒂斯特·呂利成功在法王路易十四的宮廷確立法語
歌劇的風格。縱然外國出生的背景,呂利成立了
王家音樂學院(Académie Royale de Musique),
且1627年起壟斷了法語歌劇市場。
•呂利通過和作詞人菲利浦·基諾(Philippe
Quinault)合作創作《卡德摩斯與艾米安
(Cadmus et Hermione)》,開創了「音樂悲劇
(tragédie en musique)」的先河,以着重對舞
曲和合唱部分的編寫而著名。呂利作品中的宣敘
調往往感情色彩豐富,以凸顯法語韻律特色。
• French opera
• In rivalry with imported Italian opera
productions, a separate French tradition
was founded by the Italian Jean-Baptiste
Lully at the court of King Louis XIV.
Despite his foreign origin, Lully established
an Academy of Music and monopolised
French opera from 1672.
• 俄語歌劇
•歌劇最早在1730年代,通過意大利歌劇巡迴演
出的團隊傳入俄國,很快成為了俄國宮廷和貴
族的重要娛樂。
•第一套俄語歌劇出現在1755年,由意大利作曲
家范切斯科·阿雅以亞(Francesco Araja)所
作的《刻法羅斯和普羅克里絲(Цефал и
Прокрис)》。
• Russian Opera
• Opera was brought to Russia in the 1730s
by the Italian operatic troupes and soon it
became an important part of
entertainment for the Russian Imperial
Court and aristocracy.
• 英語歌劇
•在英格蘭,歌劇被視為17世紀吉格喜劇 (jig)的
延續。吉格喜劇一般是戲劇終結後的短笑劇,內
容往往語帶諷刺,搬弄是非,主要是附有根據當
時流行曲調改編而成的配樂的對白組成。
•而到了18世紀,英格蘭則是抒情歌劇(ballad
opera)的天下。與此同時,法式面具歌舞劇
(masque)也在英國宮廷站穩陣腳,而且愈趨豪
華,而且佈景仿真度也愈來愈高。
• English-language opera (Opera in
English)
• In England, opera's antecedent was the 17th
century jig. This was an afterpiece which
came at the end of a play. It was frequently
libellous and scandalous and consisted in the
main of dialogue set to music arranged from
popular tunes.
•西班牙語歌劇
•西班牙自己的歌劇形式,被通稱為「查瑞拉小
歌劇(zarzuela)」,曾將在17世紀和19世紀
中廣受歡迎,但在18世紀,意大利歌劇在西班
牙非常流行,幾乎覆滅西班牙的地方歌劇。
• Spain opera
• Spain also produced its own distinctive
form of opera, known as zarzuela, which
had two separate flowerings: one from the
mid-17th century through the mid-18th
century, and another beginning around
1850. During the late 18th century up until
the mid-19th century, Italian opera was
immensely popular in Spain, supplanting
the native form.
• 捷克語歌劇
•捷克作曲家則在19世紀成功推動民族歌劇得發
展,成效相當不錯。貝多伊齊·斯美塔那以8套
歌劇打響頭砲,當中有《被出賣的新娘》﹔以
《露莎卡》著名的安東尼·德沃夏克則留下13
部歌劇 。
• Czech opera
• Czech composers also developed a thriving
national opera movement of their own in
the 19th century, starting with Bedřich
Smetana, who wrote eight operas
including the internationally popular The
Bartered Bride. Antonín Dvořák, most
famous for Rusalka, wrote 13 operas.
• 匈牙利語歌劇
• 19世紀,匈牙利民族歌劇的主要人物是,以
撰寫歷史題材歌劇而著名的厄凱爾·費倫茨
(Erkel Ferenc)。最常見的厄凱爾包括
《匈雅提·拉茲勞(Hunyadi László)》和
《邦克公爵(Bánk bán)》。而最著名的
匈牙利歌劇當數巴托克·貝拉的《藍鬍子公爵
的城堡》。
• Hungarian Opera
• The key figure of Hungarian national opera
in the 19th century was Ferenc Erkel,
whose works mostly dealt with historical
themes. Among his most often performed
operas are Hunyadi László and Bánk bán.
The most famous modern Hungarian opera
is Béla Bartók's Duke Bluebeard's Castle.
•波蘭語歌劇
•最為人熟知的波蘭歌劇作曲家當數斯坦尼斯
拉夫·莫紐什科(Stanislaw Moniuszko),
其代表作為《鬧鬼的莊園府第(Straszny
dwór)》。
• Polish opera
• The best-known composer of Polish
national opera was Stanisław Moniuszko,
most celebrated for the opera Straszny
Dwór (in English The Haunted Manor).
資料來源:
維基百科, 自由的百科全書
http://zh.wikipedia.org
Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org