Transcript Final Review Semester 1
Final Review Semester 1
Age of the Christian Roman Empire III
Augustine, East V. West, and the war of Theological Supremacy
Eusebius of Cæsarea c. 260-340
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The Father of Church History Extreme Moderate A Historian but not a theologian Proposed compromise in Council of Nicæa Friend of Constantine Bishop of Cæsarea
Aurelius Augustinus
St. Augustine 354-430
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Born to a Pagan father and a Christian Mother Became a Manichee for ~10 years Saved Later in life Preeminent Scholar and Theologian Post conversion gave up career as Rhetorician/government official
St. Augustine 354-430
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An Active Apologist Lived simply with monastic tendencies Appointed as Bishop of Hippo Wrote many works
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Confessions, City of God, Retractions, The Letters, Questions and Responses, Many various Religious-Apologetic-Polemic works
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Died 430 AD during the Vandal Siege of Hippo
Pope Leo I 440-461
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Leo The Great Powerful Theologian Firmly believed he was the successor of Peter, and Peter was the ruler of the Church
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Peter died in Rome therefore his spiritual power remained with Rome
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Emphatically spoke of his authority
Pope Leo I 440-461
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Not with the Pope = not part of the church = not part of Christianity = not saved All powerful Pope was not immediately or universally accepted Obtained an edict from Western emperor Valentinian III, saying papal decrees have the force of Law, and all bishops should obey them Left 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the first works left to us by a Roman Bishop
Pope Leo I 440-461
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Saved Rome from being destroyed twice 452 AD from Attila the Hun 455 AD Vandal King Genseric pillaged for 14 days
St. Antony 250-357
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Became a monk at age 20 Was inspired by the words of Mt. 19:21 22
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Sold his goods, gave much away, took care of his sister and ran away to a tomb
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Tomb got crowded so he started a monastery in the mountains
St. Antony 250-357
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Fought with the Devil in many times and ways Desired to be a martyr Performed many miracles Uneducated, but wise Debated with Pagans
St. Benedict
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Father of modern monasticism Monk at age 15 “Knowledgeably ignorant and wisely unlearned” Performed many miracles Formed many small monasteries with 12 monks and one abbot Lived out of the world to save the world Wrote out the Regula Benedicti “Rule of Benedict”
Rule of Benedict
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Democratic government, Abbot-provost-deans 1 year trial for initiates “Ora et Labora” Prayer & Manual Labor Threefold vow
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Stabilitas – adherence to the monastic order
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Conversio Morum – poverty, chastity, piety
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Obedientia coram Deo et sanctis ejus – Absolute obedience to the Abbot – the cardinal virtue of the monk.
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Preserved many classics through libraries
Gregory The Great 540-604
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Born into a wealthy family Well educated Gave up prefecture of Rome, sold his belongings and built a St. Andrews monastery where he became a Benedictine monk Later became ambassador to Constantinople, then Abbot of St. Andrews He is reluctantly appointed Bishop of Rome, and initiates a march against the Plague which ends miraculously.
Gregory The Great 540-604
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Becomes pope in 590
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Takes over in Rome due to absent emperor even in military affairs
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Defended the city from a Lombard invasion.
Humbly enforces the Roman supremacy over all other churches.
Gregory The Great 540-604
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Doctor Ecclesia – Wrote Liber pastoralis curae “book on the office of Bishop” also wrote Dialogues Maybe initiated Gregorian Chant Sent a team of 30 monk missionaries to the Anglo-Saxons ultimately resulting in their conversion
The Middle Ages II 590-1517
Charlemagne and the rise of Islam
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
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Charles + Magnus = charlesmagnus => Charlemagne
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Karl der Große –german Karel de Grote – dutch
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Carolus Magnus - latin
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
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Great Christian king of the Franks
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Conquered much of the western world, especially to protect the bishop of Rome The “Moses of the middle ages” Powerful warrior – 53 military campaigns
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Expanded his empire by 2x
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
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Strong and well built man He loved baths
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Great statesman- gave audiences while getting dressed
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Intelligent and religious Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges, and churches Recorded laws and German tradition Started schools – yay public education
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
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Interesting marriage life 5 wives in short order then settled down with 4-5 concubines Beheaded 4500 prisoners in one day, then split up their families across the empire.
Rumored to have “loved” his daughters a bit tooo much.
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
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Rode into Rome to rescue Pope Leo III from an uprising He was “surprised” by being crowned the Holy Roman Emperor in 800AD
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This begins the Holy Roman Empire the combination between a German king and an Italian Pope.
Mohammed 570-632
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Born 570 AD in Mecca with miraculous signs accompanying Epileptic Goat herder and caravan attendant At 25 married a 40 yr. old rich widow Kadija Remained Married for 25 years until Kadija’s death, he then married at least 11 other women
Mohammed 570-632
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Spent his time in meditation At 40 he had a vision of Gabriel telling him to read
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Doubted his calling as a prophet, initially ascribing it to demons, but was reassured by his wife Kadija.
Mohammed 570-632
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622 the Hegira(Mohammed’s flight from Mecca to Medina) takes place Not having income, the Muslims become warrior bandits. 624 major victory in the Battle of Uhud Massacred ~700 Jews and sold their families into slavery 627-630 consolidation of power and the conquest of Mecca
Mohammed 570-632
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After conquering Mecca he emptied and rededicated the Ka’aba He consolidated rule of Arabia, then sent out missionaries to convert the world.
He died in the arms of Aishah June 8, 632
Mohammed 570-632
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Generally patient and kind When provoked entirely pitiless After Kadija he became a severe polygamist
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His favorite wife Aishah, he betrothed when she was 6 and consummated when she was 9(he was 53)
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8 th law wife Zaynab was his cousin and daughter in He gave women some rights, though by no means equality with man
Islam
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Five or Six Pillars of Islam “There is no god but Allah, and Mohammed is his prophet” 2.
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Praying 5 times a day towards Mecca Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once 4.
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Giving alms for pious and charitable 6.
Purposes Fasting from Sunrise to Sunset during Ramadan (optional) Jihad
Reasons for the Spread of Islam
1. Fanaticism 2. Monotheistic 3. Corruption of the Byzantine Empire 4. Replacement of government only 5. Anti-icon 6. Better Generals
The Middle Ages III 590-1517
Papal Power and the Crusades
Hildebrand a.k.a Gregory VII
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Obscure background Short in stature, strong in presence Friend of Pope Gregory VI Lord of the Popes 1049-1054 – Leo IX, Victor II, Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander II Became pope Gregory VII 1073-1085 Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and Investiture. Emphasized the absolute authority of the Pope
Papal Powers
1. Excommunication – the cutting off of one person from communion and the church =loss of salvation, no hope for heaven unless forgiven by Pope 2. Interdiction – A locational and/or personal excommunication. 3. World Authority – the power to depose and crown kings at the will of the Pope
Church vs. State Gregory VII v. Henry IV
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Henry denounces Gregory Gregory Excommunicates Henry Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the Papal blessing 2 years go by Henry replaces Gregory with a new Pope Gregory excommunicates/Interdicts Henry They war They die
The Crusades
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Primarily a French institution Armed Journeys to recapture the Holy Land Carrying the cross Christian Pilgrimage Defeat of Islam Monetary and spiritual gain 7 great crusades 1095-1270 Unite the Eastern and Western churches
The First Crusade 1095-1099
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Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a call for help from Constantinople
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Inspired by Peter the Hermit The people looted and pillaged along the way ~300,000 irregulars slaughtered before they reached their goal.
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Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not just soldiers.
The First Crusade 1095-1099
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Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was captured
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Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved by finding the spear that pierced Christ’s side.
Jerusalem after a long siege was captured, a great slaughter of Infidels, Jews, and heretics ensued. Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187
The Children’s Crusade
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Inspired in 1212 by a French shepherd boy Stephen. Marched to Marseilles, grew in numbers up to 30,000, Expected the sea to open for them to march across Hugo Ferrus and William Porcus offered to transport them Ferrus and Porcus sailed to Africa and sold the children into slavery
Failures of the Crusades
1. The holy land was not won 2. Islam was not permanantly stopped 3. The East/West Schism was not healed 4. Lots and lots of people were killed 5. War atrocities 6. Indulgences
Benefits of the Crusades
1. Spirtual awakening in many 2. Class interaction 3. Knowledge expanded, geography, customs etc.
4. Major increase in trade
The Middle Ages IV 590-1517 Late Middle Ages Assisi, Captivity, Schism and Inquisition
Frater Parvulus “little brother” Il poverello “little poor man” John Giovanni Francesco Bernardone A.K.A
St. Francis of Assisi
St. Francis of Assisi
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From a fairly well off family Served as a soldier Convicted by a leper and kissed his hand Gave away all he had (his fathers goods included)
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Kicked out of his family Ran away to serve the poor especially the lepers
St. Francis of Assisi
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Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little Portion” Heard the call to preach and did so Lived by Matthew 16:24-26, 19:21, and Luke 9:1-6 He was simple and loved animals Self proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and was therefore anti-education as it inspired pride Was married to poverty
St. Francis of Assisi
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He attracted followers called the fratres minores “the lesser brethren” Worked to earn food/lodging whenever possible, when not they stayed where they could. Extreme emphasis on living out the gospel Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mud Companion nunnery founded by Clara of Sciffi Order taken over by papacy and Francis’ ideology ultimately was set aside
The Inquisition
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Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church abhors blood” Priests were not to order/attend executions Pinnacle of mixing church and state Heretics are little foxes Dominican monks were the primary force behind the Inquisition, though Fransiscans were involved as well
The Inquisition
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1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means of obtaining confession Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of souls instead focusing purely on heretics They were given power to excommunicate, lay interdict, and absolve acts of violence Punishments were seizure of property, life imprisonment, and death Spies were paid out of seized goods Some places resisted, especially Germany
The Inquisition
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German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg “the Lords watch-dog” Confessor of Queen/St. Elizabeth Deprived her of maidservants and separated her from her three children Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing ultimately resulting in her death Konrad freely burned “Luciferans” He was murdered in 1233, buried next to Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian faith.”
The Papal Schism
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Gregory XI declares any election of pope valid after his death, to forestall anti-popes After a mucky succession Urban VI became pope in 1378 He was a terrible politician and insulted the Cardinals In response the Cardinals return to France and elect Clement VII as pope This starts a war Clement VII is held out of Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is split
The Papal Schism
Roman Line Urban VI 1378-1389 Boniface IX 1389-1404 Innocent VII 1404-1406 Gregory XII 1406-1415 Avignon Line Clement VII 1378-1394 Benedict XII 1394-1409 Pisan Line Alexander V 1409-1410 John XXIII 1410-1415 Martin V 1417-1431
The Papal Schism
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Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and anti-simonist. He has captive cardinals slain Clement VII was political and flexible. He submitted to the French king and attempted reconciliation by appointing Urban lead Cardinal Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but not well educated. He gained complete control of Italy. He was very much a simonist and nepotist Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface. He was also only 35 years old.
The Papal Schism
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Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes with heretics pirates and brigands.
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He was driven from Rome as his nephew had murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later recalled as they didn’t like the new ruler Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic popes. Was chosen partially because of his age, as older men have less ambition.
Took a vow when coming to office to heal the schism even if it meant abdicating
The Papal Schism
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Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused to back down or heal the Schism by mutual abdication. The French king Charles VI 1380-1412 was weak and insane which minimalized his influence Multiple councils were called with and without papal consent, including The Council of Pisa It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the new pope Alexander V died before reaching Rome Rome is sacked John XXIII is instated as pope
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The Papal Schism
Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as pope Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of Constance lasting 4 years 1414-1418 John says he will abdicate if the others do, and it is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain support in France Popes are declared fallible and subject to Councils John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is deposed, though not gracefully Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the Schism
Age of the Reformation I The Pre-Reformation
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
Errr…John Wyclife Wyclif, Wyclyf, Wyclyffe Wiclif, Wiclef, Wicliff, Wycleff, Whyteclyve, Wyclyve + about 10 more versions
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
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Morning Star of the Reformation
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Well educated, spent most of life at Oxford and was master of Canterbury Hall
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1366 with the kings blessing he began rebuking Papal authority 1377 Comes before the Tribunal of William Courtenay and leaves under the protection of the Duke of Lancaster
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
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Pope Gregory XI orders Wycliffe to prison, but dies the year after, and the Papal Schism starts 1380 Wycliffe founds the “pore priests” oxford graduates who go out preaching many without ordination
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1382 Courtenay becomes Archibishop of Canterbury and holds the Earthquake Synod 24 articles of Wycliffe’s were condemned
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
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Wycliffe loses King Richard II’s favor, is kicked out of Oxford and all his books are burned
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Wrote the Trialogus Denounced Indulgences as “an abomination of desolation in the holy place”
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Was summoned to Rome, but refused saying he submits only to Christ’s authority
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
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Finishes with help his English paraphrase of the bible based upon the vulgate
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1382 suffers a stroke resulting in minor paralysis 1384 has another stroke and dies in church 1413 Lateran decrees his books should be burned 1429 Council of Constance orders him Exhumed and burned, scattering his ashes
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
5 main themes in his teachings 1. The Nature of the Church 2. The Fallacy of the Papacy 3. The Priesthood 4. The Falsity of Transubstantiation 5. The use of Scripture
John Wycliffe 1324-1384 The Nature of the Church
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A universal Church comprised of the Elect
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All those who believe in Christ belong, regardless of their position with the RCC
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The Peoples’ head is Christ
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The concept of church vs. Church
John Wycliffe 1324-1384 The Fallacy of the Papacy
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totum papale officium venenosum “The Papal office is wholly poisonous”
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The Rock is Peter and all people Mocked the “most holie fadir”
John Wycliffe 1324-1384 The Priesthood
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Priests Absolution was only meritorious if they themselves were absolved
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Celibacy is good but sinful if mandatory
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No such thing as utilitarian sin
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Anti-friar
John Wycliffe 1324-1384 Falsity of Transubstantiation
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Communion was meant figuratively
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No transubstantiation without transaccidentiation “Super omnia vincit veritas rationis”
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The truth of reason will triumph over all
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
The use of Scripture
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Council of Toulouse 1229 forbid the bible to Laymen
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Is the absolute authority
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It has one Literal meaning Must be accessable to ALL
John Huss 1369-1416
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He was Excommunicated, Interdicted, and Exiled
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Wrote De Ecclesia – mostly copied Wycliffe
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Declared the Pope is not to be obeyed if he is a sinner
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Oct 11, 1414 Huss is promised safe conduct by Emperor Sigismund to the Council of Constance Huss is falsely charged with escaping and imprisioned next to the latrines, becoming sick
John Huss 1369-1416
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He is transferred to the control of Sigismund and imprisoned along with ex-pope John XXIII
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The council declared the cup forbidden to laity, Huss disagreed Is given a public kangaroo trial and condemned His books are forbidden and burned
John Huss 1369-1416
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He is declared Heresiarch and his soul is condemned to hell by the council He declares “and I commit myself to the most gracious Lord Jesus”
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He was turned over to Sigismund in order that he be executed May 30, 1416 is burned at the stake, all the while singing loud praise to God
Fullness of time for the
1. Renaissance
Reformation
2. Rise of Intellectualism 3. Printing Press 4. Immoral Papacy 5. Nationalism
Ages
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3BC Jesus and the Apostles 70 AD catholic Christianity 312 AD Christian Roman Empire 590 AD Middle Ages 1517 AD Reformation
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Jesus Born Temple Destroyed Milvian Bridge Gregory I is Pope ………..