The Middle Ages IV 590-1517 Late Middle Ages Assisi, Captivity, Schism and Inquisition

Frater Parvulus “little brother” Il poverello “little poor man” John Giovanni Francesco Bernardone A.K.A

St. Francis of Assisi

St. Francis of Assisi

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From a fairly well off family Served as a soldier Convicted by a leper and kissed his hand Gave away all he had (his fathers goods included)

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Kicked out of his family Ran away to serve the poor especially the lepers

St. Francis of Assisi

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Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little Portion” Heard the call to preach and did so Lived by Matthew 16:24-26, 19:21, and Luke 9:1-6 He was simple and loved animals Self proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and was therefore anti-education as it inspired pride Was married to poverty

St. Francis of Assisi

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He attracted followers called the fratres minores “the lesser brethren” Worked to earn food/lodging whenever possible, when not they stayed where they could. Extreme emphasis on living out the gospel Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mud Companion nunnery founded by Clara of Sciffi Order taken over by papacy and Francis’ ideology ultimately was set aside

Mediaeval Dissenters Heretics and Non-Catholics

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Cathari – middle aged manichaens Albigensians – lived in Toulouse, the object of a Crusade Beghards – distinctively clothed mendicants seeking “brod durch Gott” bread for the sake of God Waldenses – one of the few to survive through persucution, almost pre protestants

The Inquisition

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Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church abhors blood” Priests were not to order/attend executions Pinnacle of mixing church and state Heretics are little foxes Dominican monks were the primary force behind the Inquisition, though Fransiscans were involved as well

The Inquisition

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1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means of obtaining confession Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of souls instead focusing purely on heretics They were given power to excommunicate, lay interdict, and absolve acts of violence Punishments were seizure of property, life imprisonment, and death Spies were paid out of seized goods Some places resisted, especially Germany

The Inquisition

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German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg “the Lords watch-dog” Confessor of Queen/St. Elizabeth Deprived her of maidservants and separated her from her three children Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing ultimately resulting in her death Konrad freely burned “Luciferans” He was murdered in 1233, buried next to Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian faith.”

Babylonian Captivity 1305-1378

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Pope Gregory VIII vs. King Phillip the Fair Benedict XI was more concilaitory than Gregory and gave in to the Emperor ending the conflict. He was given poison in a dish of figs and died The Frenchman Clement V was elected pope starting the Babylonian Captivity of the papacy The papal throne was moved to Avignon 7 popes, 70 years Clement V-Gregory XI

Babylonian Captivity 1305-1378

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Clement V undoes all that Boniface VIII had done France is declared in this dispensation as Israel was in the last. Oct. 13 1307 – The Templar holdings were siezed and the Templars arrested. 1308 Clement V authorizes their persecution John XXII 1316-1334 – greedy as well as doctrinally poor Benedict XII 1334-1342 - a moderate and good ruler, he opposed nepotism and built a permanent Papal seat in Avignon

Babylonian Captivity 1305-1378

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Clement VI 1342-1352 – nepotist who lived richly, money, food, and women. Avignon was officially purchased costing 80,000 florins

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Black Death spreading across Europe

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Innocent VI 1352-1362 – reduced the excesses of Avignon, and fought to hold Rome together

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Urban V 1362-1370 – returns to Rome and settles in the Vatican and starts rebuilding Gregory XI 1370-1378 – restoration of papacy to Rome to prevent anti-popes

The Papal Schism

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Gregory XI declares any election of pope valid after his death, to forestall anti-popes After a mucky succession Urban VI became pope in 1378 He was a terrible politician and insulted the Cardinals In response the Cardinals return to France and elect Clement VII as pope This starts a war Clement VII is held out of Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is split

The Papal Schism

Roman Line Urban VI 1378-1389 Boniface IX 1389-1404 Innocent VII 1404-1406 Gregory XII 1406-1415 Avignon Line Clement VII 1378-1394 Benedict XII 1394-1409 Pisan Line Alexander V 1409-1410 John XXIII 1410-1415 Martin V 1417-1431

The Papal Schism

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Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and anti-simonist. He has captive cardinals slain Clement VII was political and flexible. He submitted to the French king and attempted reconciliation by appointing Urban lead Cardinal Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but not well educated. He gained complete control of Italy. He was very much a simonist and nepotist Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface. He was also only 35 years old.

The Papal Schism

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Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes with heretics pirates and brigands.

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He was driven from Rome as his nephew had murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later recalled as they didn’t like the new ruler Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic popes. Was chosen partially because of his age, as older men have less ambition.

Took a vow when coming to office to heal the schism even if it meant abdicating

The Papal Schism

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Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused to back down or heal the Schism by mutual abdication. The French king Charles VI 1380-1412 was weak and insane which minimalized his influence Multiple councils were called with and without papal consent, including The Council of Pisa It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the new pope Alexander V died before reaching Rome Rome is sacked John XXIII is instated as pope

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The Papal Schism

Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as pope Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of Constance lasting 4 years 1414-1418 John says he will abdicate if the others do, and it is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain support in France Popes are declared fallible and subject to Councils John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is deposed, though not gracefully Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the Schism