Discuss the successes and failures of Benito Mussolini*s reign.
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Transcript Discuss the successes and failures of Benito Mussolini*s reign.
Discuss the successes and failures
of Benito Mussolini’s reign.
A PAPER II TYPE PRESENTATION
BY
FAN HUANG
KYLIE REYNOLDS
The Narrative
THE FATHER OF FASCISM
BENITO MUSSOLINI
Mussolini: The Father of Fascism
July 29, 1883 – April 28, 1945
Head of Italian government 1922 – 1943
Grew up in an environment that was
heavily socialist, republican, and
nationalist.
Leader of multiple political movements
1914 – Autonomous Fascists
1917 – Revolutionary Fascists
1918 – Constituent Fascists
1919 – Fighting Fascists
1921 – National Fascist Party
Mussolini: The Father of Fascism
•
•
Was upset over the Treaty of Versailles
(Benito Mussolini).
• Italy received very little from it.
Member of Socialist Party 1900 – 1914
•
•
When Italy joined the Allies, Mussolini
joined the army. (H., Jim)
•
•
Became member of the middle class in 1914
Worked his way up to corporal rank.
Displayed his views through the National
Fascist Party in March, 1919.
•
Brought answers to Italy’s turmoil.
What exactly is Fascism?
Fascism is the concept of how a man is bind together
by other individuals into thinking the same
ideologies of the state (Cook).
The Foundation of Fascism
Totalitarianism
Nationalism
Militarism
Giovanni Gentile
Giovanni Gentile was the original author who
“helped Mussolini formulate his political philosophy
(Anissimov and Bronwyn).”
Factors that Led to Single Party State
Mussolini believed war was the perfect opportunity
for change.
Italy’s suffered economic, social, and political
instability because of war.
The recruitment of the Blackshirts militia.
Weakness of the government and the collapse of the
Left. (Cook)
Mussolini’s Successes
EARLY ACHIEVEMENTS
RISE TO POWER
LIFE AS A DICTATOR
POST-DISMISSAL ACHIEVEMENTS
Early Achievements
1904 – 1914 Mussolini was journalist and editor for Avanti
(McMillan)
Joined Italian army at the start of WWI
War injury in 1917 allowed Mussolini to become editor of
Popolo d’Italia
Newspaper strongly demanded Allies to support Italy’s demands at Paris
Peace Conference
Rise to Power
Mussolini took advantage of Italy’s
poor conditions.
Mussolini attacked Vittorio
Orlando because he failed to get
Italy’s objectives with the Treaty of
Versailles
Formed the Black Shirts
Appointed Prime Minister by King
Emmanuel III in 1922 to avoid
communist revolution in Italy
Mussolini as Dictator
Carried out extensive public-works program
Fascists tried improving various sectors of Italian affairs.
(Mangion)
Cultivation of more lands
Irrigation of the marshes
Production of corn
Railway and road network improvements
Lowered unemployment rates
1929 – Mussolini won jurisdiction of the Vatican through
an agreement with the Papacy. (Mangion)
Mussolini as Dictator
Captured capital of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, in May 1936
Signed non-military alliance with Adolf Hitler and Nazi
Germany in October 1936
Invaded and captured Albania in 1939
Also signed Pact of Steel with Nazi Germany in 1939
Post-Dismissal Achievements
Rescued from prison by Adolf
Hitler and Otto Skorzeny on
September 13, 1943
After rescue, Mussolini set up a
Salo Republic
Fascist regime in Herman
occupied Northern Italy
Arrested and executed five
people that voted against him
on the Fascist Grand Council
One of those five was his sonin-law, Galaezzo Ciano
Mussolini’s Failures
INVASION FAILURES
FAILURE AS A LEADER
LOST LOTS OF LAND
POST-DISMISSAL FAILURES
Invasion Failures
Invaded Ethiopia in 1935
League of Nations condemned and sanctioned Italy.
Invaded Greece in 1940
Greece overpowered Italy
Suffered from War in North Africa in 1940
Italy outnumbered the British but still faced numerous
casualties.
British took part of Tobruk.
Failures as a Leader
By 1941, Mussolini was dependent on Nazi Germany
for survival.
Galaezzo Ciano became dissatisfied with Mussolini.
Ciano resigned in February 1943.
Loss of Lands
In July 1943, US and British forces attacked Italy
Great amounts of land were confiscated.
July 10 – Gela, Licata, and Vittoria
July 11 – Pallazolo
July 13 – Augusta
July 14 – Vizzini, Biscani Airfield, and Niscemi
July 22 – Palermo
End of Mussolini
July 25, 1943 – Dismissal from
office.
He was immediately placed under
arrest
April 23, 1945 – Allied Army
crossed River Po at Montua
Mussolini escaped to Switzerland
April 27, 1945 – Was captured
Bodies were shot and hung.