THE EURO AREA ENLARGMENT
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Transcript THE EURO AREA ENLARGMENT
International monetary system
International financial marketsstructure and role
Dr Katarzyna Sum
Chair of International Finance
Warsaw School of Economics
Getting started
Slides available for download:
http://akson.sgh.waw.pl/~ksum/
Contact:
[email protected]
Office hours:
Wednesday 5.00-6.00 PM, room 20M
The notion of financial markets
Financial markets enable the flow of
savings from households to companies
Allocation of savings
Offering instruments enabling financial
management
Classification
Money market
Capital market
Foreign exchange market
Derivatives market
Spot and forward market
Spot- transaction within 2 working daysprimary intruments
Forward: transaction within 30,90 or 180
days- derivatives
Money market
Enables liquidity management of several
institutions
Short term borrowing and lending
(up to 1 year)
Participants- banks
Money market
Short term (few days-3 months)
repo – conducting two contrary transactions on
the spot and the forward market
Long term (3 months-1 year)
treasury bills- issued by governements
certificates of deposits- issued by banks
commercial papers- issued by companies
Capital market
Enables participants to allocate or gain
capital
Long term fundraising
Stock and bond market
Participants:
stock market- issuers (companies) and
shareholders (institutional and private investors)
bond market- issuers (governements or
companies), banks
Foreign exchange market
Enables currency exchange in order to conduct
international trade, enables also currency
investment trade
Participants:
commercial banks, central banks, companies,
hedge funds, investment funds
acting as
hedgers, arbitrageurs, speculators
Foreign exchange market
Spot transactions
Currency futures
FX swaps
Currency options
Derivatives market
Enables institutions to hedge the risk of
changes in security prices and exchange rates
The price derives from the value of the
underlying instrument
Participants:
commercial banks, central banks, companies,
hedge funds, investment funds
acting as
hedgers, arbitrageurs, speculators
Derivatives market
Forward transactions
Swaps
Options
Financial market intermediaries
Commercial banks
Investment banks
Investment funds and insurance
companies
Hedge funds
Raising capital- banks vs FM
Financial markets are able to take higher
risks than banks
Lower risk premium + no colleteral
needed lower cost of fundraising at the
financial markets
Financial markets are more future
oriented than banks
Monitoring the efficiency of the borrower
Current issues
Growing liquidity
Growing importance of the derivatives
market
Growing importance of capital markets
Growing liquidity
Capital flow liberalisation
IT progress
New instruments and products
New methods of risk management
Growing importance of derivatives
market
The need of new risk hedging techniques
Basic and structurized instruments
Growing role of speculation
Growing importance of capital
markets
Shrinking role of banks as financial
intermediary
Growing role of bond issuance
Growing role of stock market transactions
FX market- daily turnover
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
billions USD
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1992
Source: BIS
1995
1998
2001
2004
2007
2010
FX market- numbers
10% of the transactions related to trade, 90%
speculation
Financial centres:
London
New York
Tokio
36% of global transactions
18% of global transactions
6% of global transactions
FX market- numbers
Spot turnover
37% of the whole turnover
48% growth during 2007-2010
Forward turnover
63% of the whole turnover
7% growth during 2007-2010
Market participants
Hedgers
Arbitrageurs
Speculators
Market participants
Hedging- taking a bet on price changes or
buying „insurance” against price changes
Speculation and arbitrage- looking for
extraordinary gains
Turnover by instrument
Source: BIS
FX swaps
an instrument being a contract for exchanging one
currency against another at the spot ER parallely
aggreeing on a reversed transaction at the forward ER in
the future
betting on ER changes
Example:
a company wants to invest an amount of USD in bonds
denominated in EUR knowing to be needing USD back
in 3 months
Currency futures
An instrument being a contract for exchanging
one currency for another at a specified date in
the future at a specified ER
Betting on ER changes
Example:
arbitrageurs expecting high volatility of the spot
ER
Currency options
An instrument which gives the owner the right but no
obligation to buy or sell an amount of foreign currency at
a specified ER
„Insurance” against potential losses
Put and call options
The option issuer is obliged to buy or sell the foreign
currency if the owner wishes to execute his right
Currency options
Example:
Receiving payments in foreign currency at an
unspecified date- put option
Settling payments in a foreign currency at an
unspecified date- call option
Popular for commercial banks and institutions
managing large investments abroad due to high
market risk exposure
Derivatives- daily turnover
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
billions USD
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1998
Source: BIS
2001
2004
2007
2010
Participants
Hedgers
Arbitrageurs
Speculators
Instruments
Forward transactions
Swaps
Options
Interest rate derivatives market
Forward rate agreement
Interest rate swap
Interest rate options
Daily derivatives market turnover
by instrument
Source: BIS
Forward rate agreement
Forward rate agreement- an instrument being a contract
for settling the difference between the forward rate at
the day of signing the contract and the interest rate on
the day of the settlement of the contract
Example:
having 3 months bonds and hedging the risk of their
value decrease by signing a FRA contract
Interest rate swap
Interest rate swap- an instrument being a contract for
settling periodically interest rate differences between the
long term interest rate at the day of signing the contract
and the short term interest rate in the next periods
Example:
the purchase of 5 year bonds financed through a 3
months loan- hegding the risk of their price decrease
Interest rate options
Higher cost than other derivatives
We actually have to buy the „insurance”
against price changes
In practice- investors buying and issuing
options at the same time
Arbitrage
F-S/S>i*t/360 or
F-S/S<i*t/360
Arbitrage
F-S/S=i*t/360
The price difference reflects the interest rate
The prices on the spot and forward market change
paralelly!
Spot and forward on the FX market
Premium FR> SR
Discount FR<SR
Speculation
The possibility to apply leverages
Low collateral needed
Daily settling of transactions
Larger risks and potential gains and losses
Derivatives-problems
Misusage of derivatives
Wrong risk ditribution on financial markets
Wrong assesment of risks
Eg. Currency options during the crisis
References
P. Krugman, M.Obstfeld, International economics: theory and
policy.Part II, Pearson, Addison Wesley, Boston 2009
A. Sławiński, Rynki finansowe, PWE, Warszawa 2006.
Triennial Central Bank Survey, Foreign exchange and derivatives
market activity in April 2010, Monetary and Economic Department,
Bank of International Settlements, 2010