Chapter 5: Understanding the International Monetary System
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Transcript Chapter 5: Understanding the International Monetary System
Understanding the International
Monetary System
Chapter 5
Current Trends
Post-WWII
Dollar’s value
Convertible currencies
Gold Standard History
The Gold Market
Gold Standard
v. platinum v. diamond
Currency per ounce of gold
Return to gold standard?
Why?
Why not?
Gold Standard History
Bretton Woods
Established IMF
Established World Bank
Established gold exchange standard
Decided stable exchange rates better
Dollar became central reserve asset
International Monetary Fund
Objective
Works with UN
Greater Power?
Film surveillance
Two methods
G-8 Countries
Conditionality and Cooperation with World
Bank
World Bank
Multilateral development banks
Roles of developing and developed countries
World Bank
$16 billion in loans annually
Hard loans
Encourage investors
World Bank
International Finance Corporation
Investment banker
Favors joint ventures
Create local capital markets
International Development Association
Soft loans
Why?
World Bank
Multilateral Investment Guarantee
International Center for Settlement of
Investment Disputes
152 countries
$30 billion in private investment in 70 developing
countries
Capacity building and advisory services
Advisory and research services
Problems with World Bank
World Bank
Other Multilateral Banks
African Development Bank
Disorganization
Lack of funds
Asian Development Bank
Lack of funds
European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development
Who does it help?
World Bank
Other Multilateral Banks
Inter-American Development Bank
U.S. and 45 other countries
1998- Lending is $10 billion
Bank for International Settlements
Location: Switzerland
Anonymous cover
Four functions
Forum for international monetary cooperation
Center for research
Banker for central banks
Agent for various financial arrangements
U.S. joined in 1994
Balance of Payments
Deficits- U.S.
Could be due to inflation
Market measures
Nonmarket measures
Balance of Payments
Current Account
Capital Account
Goods/merchandise
Services
Unilateral transfers
Direct investment
Portfolio investment
Short-term capital flows
Official Reserves Account
Balance of Payments
Temporary Disequilibrium
Monetary policies
Fiscal policies
Fundamental Disequilibrium
History of U.S. and Gold Standard
U.S. Dollar became over-valued
Central banks
Gold Exchange Standard
Why not de-value the currency?
$35/oz. of gold
Results
1958-1971- U.S ran deficit
Dichotomy of the situation
History of U.S. and Gold Standard
August 1971
December 1971 and February 1973
Fixed currency exchange rates
Floating currency exchange rates
Types of Currency Floats
Free (clean)
Managed (dirty)
History of U.S. and Gold Standard
1981-85
U.S. runs a deficit
Why?
Sept. 1985
Group of Five
Today- Group of Eight
Government reserves today
Currency Areas
Snake
Currencies are floating
Mid-1970’s
Europe
What was it?
Experience with Floating
Hard to peg
System today- has it held?
Forecasting Float Direction
Purchasing Power Parity
Big Mac Index
Starbucks Index
Money Markets and Foreign
Exchanges
Money Markets
Which market is the largest?
Grew until 2001
Why did it stop?
Asian currencies
Most traded currencies
SDRs
Special Drawing Rights
How is it calculated?
Uses
Remains stable
Holders
SDRs as central reserve assets
Replace currencies and gold?
Reasons
European Monetary System
European Monetary Union
1979
European Monetary Cooperation Fund
1991- Maastricht
European Central Bank
European Currency Unit
Why did it work when SDR failed?
Euro
Transition to Euro
Circulation
European Central Bank
Powers