Transcript Document
Design for the Environment Felicia Kaminsky ESM 595F 2 November 2000 Outline History and Definitions EPA Cooperative Industry Projects Printing Garment Care Corporate Environmental Policy Xerox Lucent Conclusions & Discussion 2 Defining “DfE” Concept pioneered by industry US EPA Program Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Over the past decade – created from several voluntary initiatives Safer chemicals Comparative risk analysis Alternative technology DfE Voluntary, partnership program that works directly with industries and other partners to integrate health and environmental considerations in 3 business decisions Goals New approaches to risk reduction through pollution prevention Balancing business needs and environmental concerns Encourages front-end innovations through the redesign of formulations and manufacturing and disposal processes 4 DFE Sustainable Development Enterprise Integration Design for the Environment Integrated Product Development Total Quality Management Pollution Prevention Environmental Stewardship 5 DFE Scope of DfE Occupational health and safety Consumer health and safety Ecological integrity and resource protection Pollution prevention and toxic use reduction Transportability (safety and energy use) Waste reduction and minimization Disassembly and disposability Recycle-able and remanufacture-able 6 DFE Cooperative Industry Projects Premise: companies do not want to pollute, but often lack information Information needed Environmental impacts and consequences Trade one product or process for another Aim to provide current information needed to practice DfE 7 EPA DfE Cooperative Industry Projects EPA DfE Partnerships Entire industry sector Industry leaders Trade associations Printing Printed Wiring Board Computer Display Garment and Textile Care Industrial/Institutional Cleaning Formulations Auto Refinishing Adhesives in Foam Furniture and Sleep Products Supplier Initiative 9 DfE Printing Projects 1992 Printing Industries of America approached DfE Screen printing Evaluated 18 screen reclamation technologies Lithography Assessed 40 blanket wash formulations Flexography Comparing solvent, water, and ultraviolet ink technologies 10 printing Flexography Project Printing from a raised image on a printing plate made from rubber or photopolymers Printing on paper, corrugated paperboard, or plastic consumer packages and labels Inks – highly fluid and quick drying Contain solvents or water Selection = performance requirements 11 Flexography Project, continued Traditionally solvents from VOCs Regulated air pollutants Alternatives to conventional ink formulations Waterborne UV-cured Hazardous materials Disposal DfE seeks to provide info: Technical and environmental advantages and disadvantages Implementation Studies – research and applied Outreach 12 Garment and Textile Care Program Following a 1992 roundtable on drycleaning, industry leaders paired with DfE Technical studies Cleaner Technologies Substitutes Assessment (CTSA) Implementation Demonstration shops; Training Outreach 13 DfE as Corporate Environmental Policy DfE Guidelines Design for: recovery and reuse disassembly waste minimization energy conservation material conservation chronic risk reduction accident prevention 15 Interrelationships 16 Driving Forces Regulatory Constraints Product Stewardship Risk Management Customer Satisfaction Design for Environment Sustainable Development International Standards Competitive Pressures Enterprise Integration 17 DfE at Xerox Waste-free products and factories Minimize waste to landfill and releases to the environment at every step of a product life cycle 1993 – began training design engineers in DFE principles Objective to incorporate into new and existing products Copy cartridges new copiers, printers, and multifunction products 18 Xerox Implementation Develop and environmental plan for each product Environmental impacts Product life cycle costs Limit production materials Recyclable Recycled thermoplastics and metals Recycling symbols 19 Xerox Design for Reuse 1995 – Mark engineering drawings with remanufacturing codes Snap-together designs Facilitate assembly and disassembly processes Copy cartridges Asset Recovery Center One million parts in 1993 20 Xerox Goals (1998); Results (1994) Decrease waste 90% Air emissions -90% Water discharges -90% Post-consumer +25% Energy efficiency +10% Recycled >75% Air emissions -75% Use of recycled materials 21 Xerox DfE at Lucent Part of Corporate Environmental Strategy “Committed to ‘design for the environment’” Established cross-functional DfE team Product Lifecycle Team Integrated into product realization process Aims to develop and apply DfE criteria for all operating units by 2000 22 Lucent Lucent Program Highlights Equipment reuse and refurbishment Repair and refurbishment of business telephones Battery-return program Packaging Material Reclamation Center 23 Conclusions & Discussion Public awareness – is this necessary? Fully integrated to environmental management practices? What about small companies? 24 Additional Information EPA DfE Homepage <www.epa.gov/opptintr/dfe/index.html> Design for Environment: Creating Eco-Efficient Products and Processes, Joseph Fiksel, editor 25