Energy, Society, and the Environment Unit 8 ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Energy Efficiency

•

Reducing Demand: Reducing Electricity and Petroleum Use

   

through improved technology conscious energy use energy-conscious development changing lifestyle

•

Make the Produced Energy Go a Longer Way:

 

new products, new designs new approaches to transportation and buildings

Electricity Demand

Transportation

Traffic in China 1000 new cars on the road in Beijing alone Traffic in LA

Energy Consumption vs. Wealth

Source: United Nations Statistical Yearbook 2003

Petroleum Consumption

• The United States consumes 21 million barrels/day • 25% of the world consumption • Highest consumption per capita after Canada and Saudi Arabia

US Energy Consumption

Energy flow in 2007 from the Department of Energy Petroleum: 39.82

Energy Consumption: Building End-Use

Buildings consume 39% of total U.S. energy

•

71% of electricity and 54% of natural gas Image credit: Building Technologies Dept, LBNL

Petroleum Use

•

Primary Use: Transportation

• Agriculture (Industrial farming),Heating, Production of Plastics, Lubricants, Asphalt, Wax

Energy Efficiency

I aim to show you that Energy Efficiency has to be the first component of any national energy plan or response to climate change Energy/cost savings can be HUGE with simple steps We’ll look at many examples

Today: In Class Demo of Energy Efficient Window Technology

Bill Lake-Wright Prentice Fountain Home Depot

25.0

U.S. Energy Intensity is actually dropping

Energy Intensity (E/GDP) in the United States (1949 - 2005) and France (1980 - 2003) 20.0

15.0

If intensity dropped at pre-1973 rate of 0.4%/year 12% of GDP = $1.7 Trillion Actual (E/GDP drops 2.1%/year) 10.0

France 5.0

0.0

1949 1953 1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 7% of GDP = $1.0 Trillion

14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 California: World’s 7th Largest Economy Per Capita Electricity Sales (not including self-generation) (kWh/person) (2006 to 2008 are forecast data) United States 2005 Differences = 5,300kWh/yr = $165/capita California

Total

$700 Billion savings US GDP/capita Cal GSP/capita

Per Capita Income in Constant 2000 $

1975 2005 % change

16,241 18,760 31,442 33,536 94% 79% data from the California Energy Commission

Impact of Standards on The Efficiency of 3 Appliances 110 100 = = Effective Dates of National Standards Effective Dates of State Standards 90 80 Gas Furnaces

75%

70

60%

60 Central A/C 50 SEER = 13 40 Refrigerators 30

25%

20 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 Year 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006

Source: S. Nadel, ACEEE, in ECEEE 2003 Summer Study, www.eceee.org

** These are despite overall increases in refrigerator and house sizes**

Types of Energy Savings

insulation glazed low-E windows CFL/LED lights appliances cogeneration plants mileage standards ………

“pay-back time” is months- few years for most of these

Windows

Image credits for Windows: Stephen Selkowitz, LBNL

Windows

• We talked about U-value : thermal transmittance; how much heat a window transmits (the lower the better) • Low-e : Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing reduces the e-value.

Surface temperatures from infrared thermography

Test conditions: cold side -18 °C, warm side 21°C)

Warmer surfaces indicate higher insulating values; Energy Star Window (left) vs LBNL HiR technology Double Glazed Low-e Triple Glazed Low-e, Krypton (plastic insert center layer) 21 °C 18 °C 15 °C 12 °C 9 °C 6 °C 3 °C 0 °C

Windows

• We talked about U-value : thermal transmittance; how much heat a window transmits (lower the better) • Low-e : Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing reduces the e-value.

• Solar heat gain coefficient : Lets heat from the sun in but not out (for heating climates) • U-value and SHGC can be controlled separately • Windows can become energy PRODUCERS

Windows as Net Energy Producers

Windows

• We talked about U-value: thermal transmittance; how much heat a window transmits (lower the better) • Low-e: Low emittance means roughly the same thing. Glazing reduces the e-value.

• Solar heat gain coefficient: Lets heat from the sun in but not out (for heating climates) • Windows can become energy PRODUCERS • Further technology: Dynamic windows. Response to sunlight.

Dynamic Windows

Idea same as Photochromic Sunglasses: glass or plastic darkens or clears automatically in response to incident sunlight intensity

“Emerging” Option: Electrochromic Glazing

Clear state Dark state

Insulation

• Biggest energy gains in buildings achieved through insulation • Roofs, then windows, then walls • Degree-days: Number of days x (T in - T out ) • Example: Number of degree days accumulated in Fairbanks, AK between December and February when the average outside temperature is 10 F. (Average home T taken to be 65 F) • Focus on new technology

Cool Roof Technology

• -

Direct Effect Light-colored roofs

conditioning use reflect solar radiation, reduce air • -

Indirect Effect

Light-colored surfaces in a neighborhood alter surface energy balance; result in lower ambient temperature

Cool Colors Reflect Invisible Near-Infrared Sunlight

Reflectance Can be Increased 2-3 Fold Cool and Standard Color-Matched Concrete Tiles Courtesy American Rooftile Coatings

cool

standard

∆R=0.37

∆R=0.26

∆R=0.23

∆R=0.15

∆R=0.29

∆R=0.29

Old

Cool Color Roofs

New flat, white pitched, cool & colored pitched, white

Cool Color Cars

• •

Toyota experiment (surface temperature 18F cooler) Ford, BMW, and Fiat are also working on the technology

slide credit: Akbari, LBNL

Lighting

• We talked about CFL: compact fluorescent lights • Emerging technology: LED

L.E.D.= Light Emitting Diode (Runs on 3.2V DC Power)

Blue LED

Made of semi-conductors; different semi-conductors, different colors

Energy Usage Comparison

“Best” White LED and Compact Fluorescent vs. 60Watt Light Bulb Comparison

53watts saved 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 60W Bulb Compact Fluor.

LED Light Source

Refrigerators

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Refrigerator Use per Unit 1980 Cal Standard 1990 Federal Standard 1993 Federal Standard 1978 Cal Standard 1987 Cal Standard 2001 Federal Standard

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Refrigerator Use per Unit

Not all Good News

1980 Cal Standard 1990 Federal Standard 1993 Federal Standard Estimated Standby Power (per house) 1978 Cal Standard 1987 Cal Standard 2001 Federal Standard 2007 STD.

Estimated Household Standby Use vs. Time

Savings that Come from Efficiency • Some examples of estimated savings in 2006 based on 1974 efficiencies minus 2006 efficiencies (California Example)

Billion $ Space Heating Air Conditioning Refrigerators Fluorescent Tube Lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps Total 40 30 15 5 5 95

• Beginning in 2007 in California, reduction of “vampire” or stand by losses – This will save $10 Billion when finally implemented, nation wide • Out of a total

$700 Billion

, a crude summary is that 1/3 is structural, 1/3 is from transportation, and 1/3 from buildings and industry.

Office hours today: 1:30-2:30

Total Estimated Savings for a House

Energy Conservation

• Technical advances • Government Policy measures: local and federal • Consumer Education and Attitude

• Discussion so far: What can technology do for you? • Now: What can YOU do for energy conservation?

Energy Conscious Attitude • REDUCE • REUSE • RECYCLE

Consumer Attitude

• Consume less. Think about what you need when you consume. Choose reusable products. • Use products longer : change from a throw-away society Comes back to the question I asked Day 1: Should I replace my car?

(or my washer, or even my couch…) NO, unless it is broken and cannot be fixed.

• When you need to replace a product, recycle it.

Recycling

Reduce, Reuse, Recycle

We’ll watch a short movie: “The Story of Stuff” by Annie Leonard

Planned Obsolescence

• From Wikipedia: Sloan is credited with establishing annual styling changes, from which came the concept of planned obsolescence . He also established a pricing structure in which (from lowest to highest priced) Chevrolet , Pontiac , Oldsmobile , Buick and Cadillac referred to as the ladder of success did not compete with each other, and buyers could be kept in the GM "family" as their buying power and preferences changed as they aged.

U.S. Energy Plan

California Energy Action Plan of 2003: 1. Energy efficiency and Demand Response 2. Renewable Generation, 3. Increased development of affordable & reliable conventional generation 4. Transmission expansion to support all of California’s energy goals.

The U.S. Energy Plan needs to emulate this.

Art Rosenfeld’s Observation About the Value of Energy Efficiency Art Rosenfeld: Senior Adviser to USDE; California Energy Commisioner

“NEGAWATTS”

• Negawatt revolution: From Megawatts to Negawatts •

You get the most financial benefit from saving electricity, as well as the most environmental benefit.

Amory Lovins, Energy Strategy: The Road not Taken?,

Foreign Affairs

, 1976

Remember: No Energy Generation is Perfect • • • • • • • • oil and gas: coal: biomass: hydropower & wind: nuclear fission: nuclear fusion: photovoltaics: hydrogen: not enough resources not enough atmosphere not enough land not enough sites (intermittent) too unforgiving too difficult too expensive, intermittent not a primary source Holdren, John P. (2006) ENR302 Energy Technology, Markets, and Policy. Lecture 1, February 2, 2006

Energy Efficiency Measures • • • • Technologies – High efficiency • CFLs, variable speed drives – Modified function • Heat pump, point of use lighting –

Economics: real costs, hidden (delayed) benefits

Load Reduction – Insulation • Ceiling, water heaters, ducts, weather stripping – Passive Strategies • Solar heating, shading, light colored roof Energy Management – Automation • Sensors, clock/thermostat, zone controls – Behavioral • Turning off lights, thermostat control (battle of the sexes) Conservation: lifestyle issues, consumption

ENERGY STAR-labeled products Residential Clothes Washers Dishwashers Refrigerators Room Air Conditioners TVs, VCRs, Audio Equipment Home Heating and Cooling Products New Homes Windows Residential Lighting Fixtures Roof Products Insulation Commercial Exit Signs Office Equipment Transformers Roof Products Insulation Commercial Buildings See http://www.energystar.gov/ for more details

Drawback: allows comparison of similar models only