Transcript Use a comma after an introductory adverb clause. What’s a

Sixth Grade English
Benchmark Period Two
Grammar, Usage, and
Mechanics
PASS Standards and
Objectives
PASS GUM 3.2.b.6.
Use a comma after an introductory
adverb clause.
subject
subject
verb
direct object
After Monkey wrote his report,
verb
direct obj.
direct obj.
Pig checked Monkey’s spelling and grammar.
Monkeys are so smart. I
won’t have any mistakes on
my report.
Monkeys
are so
dumb; it’ll
take a
year to
proofread
it.
PASS GUM 3.2.b.6.
Use a comma after an introductory
adverb clause.
subject
verb
direct obj.
After Monkey wrote his report,
A clause has a
subject and verb
(Monkey wrote).
There are dependent
and independent
clauses. This one is
dependent because it
can’t stand alone.
PASS GUM 3.2.b.6.
Use a comma after an introductory
adverb clause.
subject
verb
direct obj.
direct object
Pig checked Monkey’s spelling and grammar.
My clause also has a
subject and verb
(Pig checked).
This is an independent
clause because it can
stand alone.
PASS GUM 3.2.b.6.
Use a comma after an introductory
adverb clause.
All of these are
“subordinating
conjunctions.”
They are used to
introduce adverb
clauses.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions
after, although, as, as if, as long as, as soon as, as
though, because, before, if, in order that, once,
provided that, since, so that, than, though, unless,
until, when, whenever, where, wherever, while
Although I ate a banana, I am still hungry!
If pigs had wings, they could fly.
As soon as Monkey left, Pig ate the banana.
PASS GUM 3.2.b.6.
Use a comma after an introductory
adverb clause.
Write three sentences, each beginning with an introductory
adverb clause. Use a different subordinating conjunction to
start each sentence.
1.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
2.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
3.________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
PASS GUM 3.2.b.15.
Use a semicolon to separate two independent
clauses.
subject
verb
subject verb
Monkey is clever; Pig is smart.
Watch me make a little hat
out of this banana peel!
A compound
sentence with a
semicolon
separating its two
independent
clauses is very
sophisticated!
PASS GUM 3.2.b.15.
Use a semicolon to separate two independent
clauses.
subject
Monkey
verb
predicate adjective
is clever;
My independent clause has
a subject and verb
(Monkey is).
Why is
Monkey is clever;
an independent clause?
Hint: Two reasons
PASS GUM 3.2.b.15.
Use a semicolon to separate two independent
clauses.
subject
;
Pig
verb predicate adjective
is
smart.
My independent clause also
has a subject and verb
(Pig is).
Why is
Pig is smart.
an independent clause?
Yes!
1. It has a subject and verb and
2. It can stand on its own.
Write two sentences, each with two
independent clauses separated by a semicolon.
1._____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2._____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
PASS GUM 3.2.b.38.
Use ’s to make a singular noun possessive.
Slither’s fangs / Tess’s tail / Mouse’s ears
PASS GUM 3.2.b.38.
Use ’s to make a singular noun possessive.
Definitions and Examples
1. ’s – apostrophe s
2. Singular – one
3. Noun – person (friend); place (school); thing
(book); idea (frustration, happiness)
4. Possessive – show ownership
Ex: Singular noun – friend
Singular possessive noun – friend’s phone
Make your own sentences using the possessive form
for the following singular nouns: dentist / Ms. Hess
1.______________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2.______________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
PASS GUM 3.2.b.38.
To make a plural noun ending in –s
possessive, add an apostrophe.
Look at the animals.
Look at the animals’ ears!
Look at the pigs.
Look at the pigs’ noses!
PASS GUM 3.2.b.38.
To make a plural noun ending in –s
possessive, add an apostrophe.
Definitions and Examples
1. ’s – apostrophe s
2. Plural – two or more
3. Noun – person (friend); place (school); thing
(book); idea (frustration, happiness)
4. Plural noun ending in –s – friends; schools;
books; ideas (attitudes, goals, possibilities)
5. Possessive – show ownership
Ex: Plural noun ending in –s – students
Plural possessive noun – students’ grades
Make your own sentences using the possessive form
for the following plural nouns: princesses / monsters.
1._______________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2._______________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
PASS GUM 3.1.d.
Make pronouns agree with their antecedents.
Every chick in the barnyard has (their, its)
own personality.
Its is a pronoun.
Its must “agree” (be matching singular or
plural) with the noun that Its refers to earlier
in the sentence. That’s “pronoun-antecedent
agreement.”
Now look, people.
Chick means one chick. You can’t talk about
one chick and then go and say their. Their
means more than one. Get it? Match them up,
people!
Chick is singular; its is singular. Its that
simple!
PASS GUM 3.1.d.
Make pronouns agree with their antecedents.
Now you try a couple:
All of the contestants thought that (his or her, their)
projects were judged fairly.
Each of the students wants to do (his or her, their)
best.
I hope you noticed that All is a
plural pronoun. All matches their.
They are both plural!
Each is singular. Each means “each
one.” Each matches his or her. They
are both singular!
All of the contestants thought that
(his or her, their) projects were judged fairly.
Each of the students wants to do
(his or her, their) best.
PASS GUM 3.1.d.
Make pronouns agree with their antecedents.
Now try this one:
Everybody was late to (his or her, their)
first hour this morning.
Hint: Is Everybody a singular or plural
pronoun?
Everybody was late to (his or her, their)
first hour this morning.
Question: Is Everybody a singular or plural
pronoun?
Answer: Everybody is a singular indefinite
pronoun. (We say Everybody is, not
Everybody are, right?)
So…Everybody and their DO NOT match! His
or her, however, can get kind of awkward!
Most educated people try to think of a way
to avoid saying his or her over and over.
You could say
Everybody was late to first hour.
Everybody was late to school.
The bus was running late.
Uh-huh, I hear you thinking,
“…nobody talks like
that…everyone says stuff like
everybody does their work –
not everybody does his or her
work…”
Yeah, I know that, but if you
want to get it right on the four
biggest tests in your life (EOI,
ACT, PSAT, SAT), then learn it!
Also, you may need to know
how to speak properly some
day.
PASS GUM 3.1.c.
Use nominative, objective, and possessive
pronouns correctly.
subject
verb
direct------------------------------- object
1. Fluffy loves Horsie and (I, me, myself).
subject
verb
indirect------------------------------object
direct obj.
2. Fluffy told Cowie and (I, me, myself) a story.
subject
verb
direct obj. (prepositional phrase ending w/obj. of prep.)
3. Fluffy told a story to Horsie and (I, me, myself).
subjects------------------------------------
verb
direct obj.
4. Horsie and (I, me, myself) love Fluffy.
Can you
select the
correct
pronouns?
PASS GUM 3.1.c. Use nominative, objective, and
possessive pronouns correctly.
Definitions and Examples
1. Nominative pronouns –
Used as subjects,
predicate nominatives
2. Objective pronouns –
Used as direct objects,
indirect objects,
objects of the preposition
3. Possessive pronouns –
Used to show possession
I
we
you
you
he she it
they
me
us
you
you
him her it
them
my mine
our ours
your yours
your yours
his her hers its
their theirs
PASS GUM 3.1.c.
Use nominative, objective, and possessive
pronouns correctly.
subject
Fluffy
verb
loves
direct--------------------------- object
Horsie and (I, me, myself).
Fluffy is the subject.
Horsie and me are the direct OBJECTS.
The direct object receives the action of the
verb (love from Fluffy).
Since me is an “object,” you can’t use the
pronoun I, which is a pronoun you use for
“subjects.”
PASS GUM 3.1.c.
Use nominative, objective, and possessive
pronouns correctly.
Dude, I don’t do it that hard way. I
just eliminate the “Cowie and…” and
listen for what sounds right.
Listen…
Fluffy told I a story.
Fluffy told me a story.
Fluffy told myself a story.
The answer is me.
subject verb indirect-------------------------object
direct obj.
Fluffy told Cowie and (I, me, myself) a story.
subject
verb
direct obj. (prepositional phrase ending w/object of prep.)
Fluffy told a story to Horsie and (I, me, myself).
Subjects------------------------------------
verb
direct obj.
Horsie and (I, me, myself) love Fluffy.
It’s easy; just mentally mark out the
“compound element”: Horsie and…
Then you can listen for the
correct pronoun answer!
Fluffy told a story to Horsie and
(I, me, myself).
Horsie and (I, me, myself) love
Fluffy.
PASS GUM 3.1.c.
Use nominative, objective, and possessive
pronouns correctly.
Try these two:
Bridget is going to the mall with Tyler and
(I, me).
Keisha gave Jen and (me, I) her notes.
Bridget is going to the mall with Tyler and (I, me).
Keisha gave Jen and (me, I) her notes.
Yes!
Bridget is going to the mall with ME.
(Just mentally mark out …Tyler and…)
Keisha gave ME her notes.
(Just mentally mark out …Jen and…)
Try this one:
(Me and my brother, My brother and I) gave back to my
sister the gift she gave to (my brother and me, my
brother and I, my brother and myself) for our birthday.
She always gives us
hockey stuff.
We hate hockey
stuff.
(Me and my brother, My brother and I) gave back to my
sister the gift she gave to (my brother and me, my
brother and I, my brother and myself) for our birthday.
I love hockey.
I hate soccer.
PASS GUM 3.1.b.
Use correct subject-verb agreement.
A singular subject needs a singular verb; a plural
subject needs a plural verb. Watch out; it can be tricky!
verb
verb
verb
subject prepositional ph.
(There’s, There are, There is) two cats in the room.
Sometimes the
verb comes before
the subject…
subject –prepositional phrase--
-----verb-----
direct object
One of the little kittens (have, has) black stripes.
Don’t confuse the subject with a
prepositional phrase that comes
after it!
With Either…or… and Neither…nor…, we look at the
subject closest to the verb to determine whether to
use a singular or plural verb.
Either a stick or some leaves (has, have) blown into
the air conditioning unit.
Neither my parents nor my brother (is, are) moving
to Canada.
Both…and… is always plural because it is like adding
two and two!
Both my parents and my brother (is, are) coming to
my game tonight.
PASS GUM 3.1.b.
Use correct subject-verb agreement.
subject
subject
--------verb------
direct object
Either kitty or puppy (want, wants) its food.
subject
subject ---------verb------------
Neither the cats nor the dog (behave, behaves)
properly.
puppy (singular)
dog (singular)
wants (singular)
behaves (singular)
PASS GUM 3.1.b.
Use correct subject-verb agreement.
Now you try:
Both the cats and the dog (behave, behaves)
well.
Either the dog or the cats (have, has) torn up
the carpet.
PASS GUM 3.1.b.
Use correct subject-verb agreement.
“Both…and…” =
plural.
It’s like math.
“Both…and…” =
“They.”
Both the cats and the dog
(behave, behaves) well.
Either the dog or the
cats (have, has)
torn up the carpet.
“Either…or…” =
singular or plural,
depending on what
comes right
before the
verb.
PASS GUM 3.3.d.
Write simple, compound, complex, and compoundcomplex sentences. Observe comma and semicolon
rules.
Use a comma before
and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet
when they join independent clauses.
That is what is called a “compound sentence.”
Do not use a comma to separate “compound verbs.”
Compound sentence?
Compound verbs?
What’s the
difference?
PASS GUM 3.3.d.
Write simple, compound, complex, and compoundcomplex sentences. Observe comma and semicolon
rules.
Compound Sentence:
Two independent clauses joined by a conjunction:
and but or not for so yet
subject verb
dir. obj. conj. subject verb
dir. obj.
Kitty ate her food, but Puppy ate the sofa.
See? Independent clause (Kitty ate her food) then a comma and conjunction - (,but) then independent clause (Puppy ate the sofa).
PASS GUM 3.3.d.
Write simple, compound, complex, and compoundcomplex sentences. Observe comma and semicolon
rules.
Compound Verb:
Two verbs separated by a conjunction
With two verbs – no comma (Puppy ran and bit.)
With more than two verbs – use the “items in a series”
rule (Puppy ran, jumped, and bit.)
subject
verb
direct object
verb
Puppy ate the cushions on the sofa and tore the
direct object
bedspread to pieces.
See? No comma! This is not a
compound sentence! It is just a
sentence with a compound verb!
PASS GUM 3.3.d.
Identify and correct faulty parallel structure
in writing.
Parallel structure – The use of the same
grammatical forms to balance related ideas in
a sentence
Look, people, it’s easy.
If you have two of anything, and the first one ends in
–ing, make the second one end in –ing.
That’s all there is to it.
BAD: To type accurately is more
important than typing speedily.
GOOD: Typing accurately is more
important than typing speedily.
PASS GUM 3.3.d.
Identify and correct faulty parallel structure in
writing.
No, it’s not just –ing!
Just make them look alike in any way!
It might be a phrase beginning with to. It might be a
phrase beginning with a word ending in –ed. It
doesn’t matter; just make “like parts” look alike.
Candy fans argue loudly and without end
about what the best candy bar is.
Can you tell which
two “like parts” do
not match?
Do you know what to do to
fix the problem?
PASS GUM 3.3.d.
Identify and correct faulty parallel structure in
writing.
Candy fans argue loudly and endlessly
about what the best candy bar is.
Snickers
!
Now, you
try this
one.
Twix!
I love writing poetry, hiking in
the mountains, cooking
gourmet meals, and when I
read good books it’s great.
PASS GUM 3.3.d.
Identify and correct faulty parallel structure
in writing.
I love writing poetry, hiking in the mountains,
cooking gourmet meals, and when I read good books
it’s great.
Did you figure out what’s not
parallel? Right! The sentence
says, “I love…” three –ing
things: writing, hiking, and
cooking… The only “out of
parallel” thing is the last item.
I love writing poetry, hiking in the mountains,
cooking gourmet meals, and reading good books.
PASS GUM 3.3.d.
Identify and correct faulty parallel structure
in writing.
Revise these sentences that have parallel structure problems.
1. After they watch the Olympics on television, people are
more interested in participating in competitive swimming,
volleyball, and everyone loves gymnastics of course.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
2. A show dog’s attitude, fitness, and what he looks like
determine how he will place in competition.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
See you
later!