Transcript Document
Review:
How Nielsen argues his CASES
1. In the “Magistrate & Mob” scapegoat case
a Utilitarian could argue that Utilitarianism
doesn’t require the death of an innocent
person. According to Nielsen why?
Utilitarians can differ on the consequences
[facts] that must be considered.
2. In the “Cave” case he argues that the
death of an innocent person is neither
the result of corrupt moral natures
nor decided without taking into account the
“fat man’s” interests.
Bernard William’s Critique of
Utilitarianism
Williams argues that:
Utilitarianism violates moral integrity
because it requires us to reject conscience
and our personal ideals for the lesser of
two evils.
Williams is asking what the role of our
conscience and/or feelings in moral
decision making - our moral commitments.
The Utilitarian concept of
“negative responsibility”
Williams believes that the Utilitarian concept of
“negative responsibility” is the source of the
violation of personal integrity.
Definition of NEGATIVE RESPONSIBILITY:
We are responsible not only for the
consequences of our actions, but also for the
consequences of our non-actions.
A Utilitarian [such as Nielsen] believes that to
NOT choose is to be evasive.
Why does William focus on
“negative responsibility”?
It is because Utilitarianism focuses on
situations. [called “states of affairs”]
States of affairs = situations in the world
that are factual.
The focus on situations produces the idea
of “negative responsibility” – our
responsibility for both what we do and don’t
do or prevent.
Williams thinks we should focus on
something other than “states of affairs” ,
for him that would be “moral integrity
Impartiality & Negative
Reponsibility
According to a Utilitarian, “Negative
Responsibility” ensures “impartiality”
“it’s me” is never a morally comprehensible
reason for a Utilitarian
Williams argues that other nonconsequentialist moral theories have value
of IMPARTIALITY [how achieve?]
Williams: If, as Utilitarians argue, the identity
of agent is not important – all that is left is
“causal intervention”
According to Utilitarianism
If, as Utilitarians argue, the identity of
agent is not important– all that is left
is “causal intervention”
GEORGE: should accept the job
JIM: should kill the Indian
We have to ask if “integrity” an issue
in either of the two cases?
Need to look at 2 Kinds of “Remoter
Effect” to decide these cases
For Jim & George we are talking about the
relation between their projects and other
people’s projects.
Psychological effect on the agent: may
be bad enough in these cases to cancel
out the initial utilitarian advantage.
The “Psychological Effect” occurs
because he thinks he has done the
wrong thing.
Psychological Effect
This is NOT a valid reason from the
utilitarian perspective – what matters is the
balance BEFORE invoking the feelings.
The Utilitarian argument has more force in Jim’s
case – because George’s feelings are a bigger
part of the situation – and Jim’s feelings are a
smaller part of the overall situation.
To claim that Jim is self-indulgent is not an
argument, but an invitation to reconsider the
situation in a utilitarian light
Integrity
The common element in both situations is that
if George or Jim don’t do the unpleasant thing,
someone else will. [and in Jim’s case, the outcome
will be demonstrably worse.]
Williams argues that, if Pedro shoots Jim may be
responsible, but he didn’t MAKE it happen. [That
would reduce Pedro to a pawn with no selfdetermination—that Jim’s saying no CAUSED Pedro
to shoot]
Williams says that the things that make people happy
include making other people happy and being
involved in projects. Our satisfaction does involve the
projects of others [not just bare utility]
Back to Jim:
Here there is an intersection of projects
and one project has negative aspects
and should be frustrated. Thus, utility
argues for Jim to kill the one.
But what if it conflicts with some project
of mine? [Remember that Utilitarianism
relies on the calculation before my
interests are considered.]
Williams asks if this is adequate when
there are projects that we consider
commitments?
Projects that are Commitments
For example:
A medical doctor pledges to alleviate
suffering and do no harm.
You may be a pacifist or a vegetarian etc…
Or anti-capital punishment [holding these
views for well thought out reasons]
It’s not the loss of utility when our projects
are frustrated. According to Williams itt
violates our core beliefs -- who we are.
Williams argues that we
IDENTIFY with our projects
It is that a person is IDENTIFIED with his/her
projects – who we are flows from them.
To ask Jim and George to follow the utilitarian
analysis is an attack on their integrity. [who
they are as persons]
So the questions are:
How deep is George’s revulsion at the kind of
research?
And how strong is Jim’s opposition to killing a
person?
Rather than: which is the lesser of 2 evils.
QUESTION
Does this get around the Utilitarian’s
view that, in the end moral
convictions, are held on
consequentialist grounds?