Transcript INDUSTRIALISM 1760-1860

INDUSTRIALISM
1760-1860
Enclosure
Movement and
its Results
Before Enclosure
Community
land
Economies of scale- large
piece of land easier to farm (or
control) v. small farm
Farmers used to work
People
do not flock to cities
Parliament supports
Some
farmers revolt- improve
farming
The Beginning
Why:
Technology
Agricultural
Rev. (Holland)
sparks Industrial Rev. (GB)
1700-
small farms disappearing
Wealthy
buy out village farmsthen rent them out
Known as enclosure- as land
was fenced in
The Difference
Villagers=
traditional methods
of farming
Wealthy landowners- free to
experiment w/ new methods
Use
scientific approach to
increase harvest size
Ideas and harvest size exchanged
Effected by Scientific Rev. and
Enlightenment
New Farming Methods
Jethro
Tull- 1721 seed drill
Well
spaced rows, specific depth
More germination = larger crop
Crop
Rotation- most
revolutionary discovery (v. MA
and fallow land)
Charles
Townsend- change crops
Enrich soil- turnips
New Farming Methods
Robert
Bakewell- selective
breeding of animals
Selective Breeding
YEAR SHEEP CATTLE
(lbs.)
(lbs.)
1710
28
370
1795
80
800
Selective Breeding (lbs.)
800
700
600
500
1710
1795
400
300
200
100
0
SHEEP
CATTLE
Effects on Population
More
food due to better
livestock & crop rotation
Smaller farmers pushed off land
Left
cities for colonies
Became labor force for industry
Nutrition
improved= increase in
population= working class in
cities
Britain’s
Advantages in
Industrialization
Abundant Resources
Waterpower,
coal- energy or
machines
Iron ore for tools
Favorable Geography
Good
harbors- merchant ships
Overseas
trade = raw materials &
markets
Led to industrial growth
Middle/merchant class growth
developed- $ for new projects
Favorable Climate for New Ideas
Interest
in science and
technology
1660 Royal Society- exchanged
scientific ideas and inventions
Businesses invested in
inventions (entrepreneurship)
Good Banking System
1700’s-
most developed
Loans-
**led to business
investment
Political Stability
1700’s-
wars fought in foreign
lands
Century
of peace- no worries of
invasion
Economic growth stressed by
govt.
Merchants influenced Parliament
Govt. supported laws
encouraging business
Industrialization
and Inventions
Textile Industry
GB
led wool industry
Wool
spun by hand- demand not
met, prices high
Desire for inventions for
spinning and weaving
Inventions transform cotton
industry
Inventions
1733
John Kay- flying shuttle
Weaving
twice as fast (hand)
1764
James Hargreavesspinning jenny
Spinning
keep up w/ weaving(hand)
1769
Richard Arkwright- water
frame
Spinning
(water)
Inventions
1779
Samuel Cromptonspinning mule
Water
frame & spinning jenny
combo
Factories were built- too large
and expensive for home
1785
Edmund Cartwrightpower loom
Weavers
kept up w/ spinning
Inventions
Late
1700’s- cotton supply
can’t keep up
1763 Eli Whitney- cotton gin
Removes
1785-
seed from cotton
40 million yards
1850- 2 billion yards
Inventions
Watts
& steam engine
Problem-
factories had to be by
water (far from raw materials)
Solution- steam new power source
Old engines for mines too slow &
expensive
Michael Boulton helps Watts
Steam engine more practical
Changes in GB
Transportation
Roads and Canals
Water
travel- cheapest, most
reliable before Indust. Rev.
Larger
amounts could be hauled
Canals built to connect land and
water
Roads-
Scottish engineer John
McAdam builds paved roads
Improvements for industry not
for travel
Railway Age
Change
came w/ steam power
Steam
engine on wheels- boost
industry after 1820
1804- Richard Trevithick- cart on
track w/ engine
George Stephenson- “Rocket”
Connected
ports to inland
factories (carry lots of freight)
1830-
Liverpool-Manchester RR
 1850- 6,100 miles of track (GB)
Effects of Railroads
Encouraged
more industry
Fast,
cheap to ship raw materials
and finished products
Created
Actual
millions of jobs
labor, coal, iron (unskilled)
Progress
Distant
cities got perishables
Attitudes
Jobs
in Agriculture
on travel
farther away, travel for fun
Charles Dickens
– 1870
Social commentary
Portrayed horrors of industrial
life & society and money
Oliver Twist, David Copperfield
1812
Alexis de Tocqueville
– 1859
Manchester = “new Hades”
“From this filthy sewer pure
gold flows. In Manchester
civilised man is turned back
almost into a savage.”
1805
Industry in
Other Countries
Introduction
Until
1825- illegal for
engineers, merchants,
toolmakers to leave country
**GB
stay #1 in production
United States
1st factory (Pawtucket, RI)
1789 Samuel Slater, mill worker,
escapes from GB
1790
Built
Early
factories made thread
Later
1850
spinning machine
cloth
Factories spread NE US
Europe
Little
political stability until
after Congress of Vienna
GB
had a 55 year head start
GBs
cheaper goods caused
unemployment in Europe
Wool/cotton
Belgium
Good
industry
1st to challenge GB
coal, waterways, info from
men who had left GB
1799 Wm. Cockerell- spinning
Europe
Industrialized
Due
Islands emerge
to available resources
Ruhr Valley (NW Ger.)- coal
Po Valley (N. Italy)
Cities around islands emergeMilan, Lyons, Frankfurt
Development of
Industrial Cities
Cities Quickly Emerge
1800-1850-
Cities w/ over
100,000 increased from 22 to 47
Cities clustered around
industry, resources
Scotland-
coal
London (old city)- largest city in
Europe
Manchester (new city)- new
production city
Cities Quickly Emerge
People
moved from countryside
Little thought about planning,
housing, sanitation, education
Smoke, soot hung over city
Street unpaved, no drains
Alleys
City
not cleaned
river polluted
Cities Quickly Emerge
Results
of growth:
Wealth
Social
problems (there were no
building or sanitary codes)
Changes in
People’s Lives
More People in Cities
Factory
system bring people to
cities
Most of Euros urban
population doubled
New industrial cities grew near
power sources
Working Conditions
Country
life hard
City
jobs available
No reliance on weather for wages
Work
Not
week-14 hrs a day, 6 days
affected by seasons
New
dangers- lighting,
cleanliness, machine injuries
Especially
coal mines
Working Children Suffered
Families
worked separately
Early 1800’s 6-7 yr.olds worked
in factories and mines
Orphans suffered most
1833 Factory Act passed
Must
be 9 to work
9-13= 8 hrs a day max
14-18= 12 hrs a day max
Working Children Suffered
1842
Miners Act enacted
Similar
limits for children in
mines
Children
worked as families
needed money
Other Legislation
Education
Govt.
1875
Act 1870
run schools, not church
Public Health Act
Govt.
interference in matters of
health
1875
Artisans Dwelling Act
Govt.
provided housing
Middle-Class Grows
Wealth
grew for factory owners,
shippers, merchants
Social
structure changed- these
people had more $ than nobles
Late 1800’s- entrepreneurs social
equals of lords of countryside
Middle-Class Grows
Middle
class of now poor, now
rich emerged
Upper middle class of govt.
workers, doctors, lawyers
Lower Middle class of factory
overseers, skilled workers
Development of
Class Tensions
Rich v. Poor
1800’s
GB business leadersgap natural and inevitable due
to progress
Govt. jobWage
war, uphold law & order at
home
“laissez faire” (Smith) towards
economics and social conditions
Rich v. Poor
Upper
& Upper Mid ClassParliament
Supported
“laissez-faire”
Early 1800’s- only large
landowners voted
Most representation came from
rural not urban areas
Results: Rich v. Poor
Workers
turn violent- demand
reform
Govt.
often responses w/ violence
Army used against people
Ways
to push reform
Workers
had no vote
Trade unions- better conditions,
threat of strike
Unions originally banned
England
social problems- 1st to
industrialize
Worst
Others
learned from GB
1850
working conditions
improving in Europe
Class
tension- factory abuses
create problems
Alexis de Tocqueville- French
reformer warns of developing
problem
Karl Marx
Marx (1818-1883)
German
More
extreme socialism
Scientific socialism
Worker w/ F. Engels
Wealthy
Englishman
Communist Manifesto
Economic
forces are the key to
history
Never
enough products- causes
social classes to emerge
Wealthy v. workers
Class struggle as workers are
exploited
Industrial Revolution
Proletariat
overthrow the
Bourgeoisie
Form
new society based in
communism (complete socialism)
Factors of production owned by
people (as state)
No private property- all goods &
services distributed equally
Effects of Com. Manifesto
Short
term- not much
Widespread
revolts of 1848
easily put down
Long
New
term- felt in 20th century
socialist parties, labor
benefited, suffrage increased
Lenin, Mao, Ho Chi Minh, Castro
Predictions Failed
Gap
b/w rich & poor did not
widen
Rich
prospered, poor improved
position
Trade & production brought
benefits (labor unions)
Underestimated
democratic
govts.- made reforms
Voting
led to reforms