Transcript Slide 1

Da ik in E u r o p e Ac a d e m y
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Golden rules of Comfort and energy efficiency
By Daikin Europe N.V.
© Daikin Europe NV – All rights reserved
Da ik in E u r o p e Ac a d e m y
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Agenda
A. Golden rules of comfort
– Thermal comfort
– Acoustic comfort
B. Golden rules of energy efficiency
– What do we consume?
– How to improve ?
– Energy performance of buildings directive
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A. Golden rules of comfort
• Thermal sensation of a human being is mainly related to the
thermal balance of its body as a whole
•
This balance is influenced by :
Personal factors
Environmental
parameters
DISCOMFORT
COMFORT
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Personal factors
• Depend on :
1. Activity level
1 met = 58 W/m2
2. Clothing thermal insulation of the person
1 clo = 0,155 m2K/W
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Environmental parameters
-solar
infiltration
Air temperature
Influenced by
-occupants
-electric
appliances
Air humidity
-lighting
Air velocity
Influenced by the
ventilation system
Air quality
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PMV determination (ISO 7730)
General thermal comfort of the body can be calculated via the PMV :
Predicted Mean Vote.
PMV takes in consideration:
Wall temperature
• Body temperature and
energy balance
• Metabolic rate
• Activity rate
Thermal
exchange
Air temperature
Air velocity
Humidity
Radiation
Metabolism
Ingestion
food
Clothing
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Comfort problems
Are mainly related to:
•
•
•
•
•
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Incorrect temperature
Bad humidity
Draught
Bad air quality
Noise
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Comfort solutions
Are mainly related to:
•
•
•
•
•
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Temperature control
Humidity control
Correct air distribution
Air filters
Noiseless equipment
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Air conditioning
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Problem 1: high indoor temperature
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Solution : control of temperature set point
• Optimize temperature set point
Maximum comfort zone
Temperature (°C)
Comfort zone
Relative humidity (%)
• Limit the difference between the ambient temperature and
indoor temperature to maximum 8°C.
Ideally, ΔT maxi = 5°C in cooling mode
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Solution: even temperature
VRV system
Conventional A/C
Cooling mode with VRV System: +/_ 0.5C
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Problem 2: large vertical temperature difference
• Stratification causes cold feet / warm head effect
1,1 m
10 cm
We have to limit
the vertical temperature stratification to:
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Temperature scale (°C)
T°ceiling
ΔT=3°C
maxi
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Solution: even air distribution
• Optimized air velocity parameters in the Occupation Zone
Occupation zone
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Solution: remote sensors
The remote sensor KRCS01-1:
Max.15 m
•Located in a representative place
•Not exposed to sun
•Not in the A/C air stream
•Not close to heat sources : PC,
printers, fax, …
When fresh air is introduced
through the IU, it is mandatory.
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Problem 3: bad humidity control
• RH too low (< 30%) :
• Increase of electrostatic energy
• Increase of dust concentration
• RH too high (> 70%) :
Optimum
zone
Bacteria
Virus
Moulds
House dust mite
Respiratory allergy
Asthma and rhinitis
Chemical interaction
Ozone production
Relative humidity (%)
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Solution: VKM with humidifier
Humidifier
Refrigerant Valve
Humidifier Element :VKM-GMV1 Only
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Problem 4 : draught
• Heat loss from skin caused by draught is dependent on :
• Average air velocity
• Turbulence in the airflow
• Air Temperature
• Fluctuation of skin T°
• Prediction of dissatisfaction :
Draught rating (DR)
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Solution: correct zoning and air distribution
GOOD
BAD
1
2
3
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Solution: correct sizing of the diffusers
How to avoid draft :
• Increase air velocity by
reducing size of diffuser
• Use the Coanda Effect
High
velocity
Low
velocity
Cold feet
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Solution: correct unit for the correct application
Ceiling
height (m)
NEW
3,2
3
2,7
FXZQ
2,7 m
FXFQ-P
FXFQ-P
(Class 20 to 80) (100 & 125)
2,7 m
3,2 m
Distance to wall
mini 1,5 m
FXCQ
Mini 2,7 m
Maxi 3m
Distance to wall
mini 1,5 m
Ground level
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Solution: correct unit for the correct application
Ceiling
height (m)
Distance to wall
mini 1,5 m
FXLQ
Free Volume
above 1,7 m
FXUQ
2,7 m
FXUQ
100 & 125
3,2 m
FXHQ
maxi 3,8 m
FXKQ
Mini 2,7 m
Maxi 3 m
FXNQ
Free Volume
above 1,7 m
Ideal 3,5 m
Ground level
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Solution: correct unit for the correct application
NEW
5 possible angles from 0 to 60°
30° for cooling mode
45° for heating
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360 radial round flow:
enables uniform air flow
distribution
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Problem 5: bad Indoor Air Quality
Discomfort may occur when :
• Lack of fresh air
• Lack of filtration
• Lack of maintenance of filters
Dissatisfied persons (%)
The ventilation system
in my building doesn’t
provide me the
expected comfort
1 Decipol is corresponding to
the contamination produced by
one standard person under a
ventilation airflow of 10 l/s of
fresh air not contaminated.
Perceived air quality
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Solution: fresh air equipment and correct filters
• VAM / VKM
2
1
Heat exchanger
 1) Standard : prefilter G3
 2) Option : High efficiency filter F6
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Solution: maintenance of the filters
• In industrial city, an AHU / VAM accumulates up to 7Kg of dust/ y
Once a year, clean the long life filter (VAM example)
Pay attention to filter access when installing.
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Problem 6: noise
Sound
pressure level
Sound
pressure
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Sound pressure & sound power
Sound pressure
Sound power
Sound
pressure
Sound
power
The sound pressure that we hear is dependant on the distance from the
source and the acoustic environment in which sound waves are present
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Noise rating NR: a more realistic acoustic notion
The sensitivity of the human ear is variable according to the frequency
Sound pressure level (dB)
Sound pressure Lp (dB)
Threshold
of pain
Threshold
of audibility
Frequency
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Frequency (Hz)
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Solution: correct unit for the correct application
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Class 71,
33
40
Class 25
32
Class 20,
31
25
Class 32
29
Class 20
28
Class 20
Class 20
1.5 m
Sound
pressure
level dB(A)*
25
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*At low ventilation
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Solution: Optimize the noise level of some Daikin IU
FXZQ
FXAQ
FXLQ
FXMQ
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Problem  Noise increase if
Solution  Adapt air flow setting
pattern
Problem  Gurgling
Solution:  New expansion valve
Problem  Noise for Hotels
Solution  New expansion valve
Do not use if Noise is 1 of the biggest issues
Install the unit in a technical room
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Solution: special LNOP function
• Setting a low operating sound level (OU) for night time
Capacity %
When the ambient temp. becomes highest,
the hour is set to be 2:00PM
100
8 hours
Operation
sound dBA Load %
50
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Mode 2: Manual
Exact start and stop time
from external time clock
or other device
0
58
Max. - 8dBA ( 10HP)
8:00
stop
start
12:00
16:00
20:00
The low noise operating
mode is activated 8 hours
after the recorded peak
day time temp., and will
run for 10 hours
10 hours
(initial setting)
50
Mode 1: Automatic
0:00
4:00
8:00
Mode 3: Combined
Combination of either of
the above modes
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General guideline for optimal comfort
Temperature control :
•Ambient temperature
•Sensor
 from 20 to 28°C
 Representative location
Humidity control :
•If too low, evaporation increases  Mini 35%
•If too high, molds generation
 Maxi 65%
Air movement :
•Air velocity
•Turbulence
 V < 0,2 m/s
 avoid by correct location of IU
Air cleaning :
•Filtration
•Maintenance
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 Minimum air filtration required
 clean/change filter regularly
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B. Golden rules of energy
• What do we consume?
• How to improve ?
– Optimize thermal loads
– Daikin optimized energy consumption
• Energy performance of buildings directive
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What do we consume ?
•
Example of building applications
Electrical consumption
in small office building
Cooling
Fans, pumps
Lighting
Equipments
Kitchen
Miscellaneous
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Electrical consumption
in big office building
Cooling
Fans, pumps
Humidification
Lighting
Equipments
Kitchen
Miscellaneous
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Air treatment
= 41%
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Optimized load
• Decrease sun effect :
–
–
–
–
–
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By external protections
By internal protections
Double glazing (20% reduction)
Adequate orientation
Insulate the walls
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Inverter technology
Capacity Control
100%
(30 HP)
Smooth control
5%
Low
INV NON INV NON
NON
NON
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Load
High
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VRVIII Heat pump: efficiencies ‘high COP’ version
EER at 100% CR High COP
4,50
4,04
EER cooling
4,02
3,88
4,00
3,78
3,83
3,62
3,69
3,59
3,67
3,50
3,94
3,84
3,77
3,60
3,72
3,61
3,37
3,35
3,56
3,80
3,78
3,49
3,36
Daikin High COP
Melco PUHY
3,00
2,50
2,00
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
HP
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VRVIII Heat pump: efficiencies ‘high COP’ version
EER at 50% connection ratio High COP
5,5
5,19
5,18
Daikin High COP
5,04
5
Melco PUY
4,94
5
4,85
4,82
4,65
4,65
EER cooling
4,56
4,5
4,5
4,43
4,4
4,33
4,25
4,17
4,2
4
4
3,82
3,71
3,76
3,68
3,5
3
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
HP
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Remote controller
• Schedule time integrated
-Adapt operation to your presence
-Decrease energy when no activity
-Program when set mode
• Adapt temperature to your own comfort
evaluation
-Each °C lower on the set point in cooling
mode  8% more consumption.
-Each °C upper on the set point in heating
mode  5 to 7% more consumption.
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Conclusion
Running costs
VRV Heatpump
VRV Heatrecovery
2 pipe fancoil system
4 pipe fancoil system
Chilled beam
VAV
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
£/m² of gross floor area/annum
Source: UK Construction Benchmarks Property (2004), Franklin Andrews
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Energy performance of buildings - Directive 2002/91/EC
• Objective :
Improvement of Energy Performance of Buildings
BUT
taking into account:
• Thermal comfort in winter and summer conditions
• Air quality
• Visual comfort
• Date of compliance :
Note:
18/10/05
04 January 2006
EPD does not impose to use CEN procedures.
No delay is allowed when certain CEN procedures are not available
 Risk of wide range of national procedures.
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Energy performance of buildings - Directive 2002/91/EC
• Methodology of calculation is done on national or regional level
•Based on following general framework:
(a) Thermal characteristics of the building
(b) Heating installation and hot water supply, including insulation
characteristics
(c) Air-conditioning installation
(d) Ventilation
(e) Built in lighting installation
(f) Position and orientation of buildings, including outdoor climate
(g) Passive solar systems & solar protection
(h) Natural ventilation
(I) Indoor climatic conditions, including the designed indoor climate
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Energy performance of buildings - Directive 2002/91/EC
• Positive influence of the following aspects shall be taken into account
(a) Heating and electricity systems based on renewable energy sources
(e.g. solar)
(b) Electricity produced by CHP
(c) District or block and cooling systems
(d) Natural lighting
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