Transcript The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution
A factory in Coalbrookdale
Steam Power
Original developments stimulated by floods in mines
– pumps needed
1712 – Thomas Newcomen designs first steam
engine
1769 – James Watt improves Newcomen’s design
and joins with Matthew Boulton in 1774
These engines bought by mine owners, ironwork
owners and textile mill owners
Precision parts needed – increased demand on iron
industry production
Coal burnt to produce steam to power engines
Links directly to all other industries
Boulton and Watt
Joined in business
partnership in 1774
Watt was the engineer
Boulton was the
businessman and
financier
They developed a rotary
powered steam engine
that made their fortune
Boulton opened the Soho
Foundry in 1790 and all
the parts of the engine
could be made on-site
Textiles Industry
Cotton imported from America into Liverpool
As a result the majority of factories develop in
NW England – in Lancashire
Two processes of spinning and weaving
involved
1769 – Richard Arkwright develops the ‘Spinning
Frame’ and 2 years later installed a water
powered frame in his mill
Production of finished textile goods rockets
Textiles seen as central to Britain’s
industrialisation
Richard Arkwright
Set up his spinning
frames at Cromford Mill in
1771
Water powered, much
more efficient – needed
to be located near fast
running water, often away
from developed areas
Used the Boulton-Watt
steam engine from 1780
to power his machines
By 1782 he had over
5,000 workers in his mills
He became very wealthy
and was knighted
Iron Industry
Need for stronger, less brittle iron to make machine
parts, railways, building supports and domestic goods
Steel industry grows as scientific progress allows
impurities to be taken from iron ore
Molten iron poured into ‘pig’ moulds – pig iron!
Links to coal – used to heat the furnaces that powered
the iron foundries
Links to steam – Boulton and Watt engines used to
power bellows in furnaces
1740 – 50 furnaces, 17,000 tons of pig iron produced
1827 – 284 furnaces, 700,000 tons of pig iron produced
(Figures for England & Wales)
The Darby Family
Abraham Darby I sets up
successful ironworks called
Coalbookdale
Successfully used coke
(coal without sulphur) to
remove impurities in iron
His son A Darby II
developed better cast iron
for machines and tools
His son A Darby III built an
iron bridge over the River
Severn – the first of its kind
in the world
The Darby’s business was
very successful in Britain
but also exported to USA
The Coal Industry
Coal was a valuable natural resource in the UK
It was used for heating and lighting - demand grew as
steam powered machinery became the norm
The coal mines were dangerous places for the miners –
floods, collapses and explosions were all common
Steam powered pumps to clear water was a massive
development as were Davy and Stephenson’s safety
lamps that limited the chance of explosion
Coal grew in importance with the building of railways and
steam locomotives
Coal production 1750 – 4.7 million tonnes
Coal production 1850 – 50 million tonnes
Davy and Stephenson
Humphry Davy was an apprentice to a
surgeon
He discovered the anaesthetic principles
of laughing gas
In 1815 he designed a safety lamp that
allowed deep seams of coal to be mined
more safely
George Stephenson was the son of a coal
miner
He became a colliery engineman in a mine
in 1802
He also developed a safety lamp in 1815
He was the chief engineer on the Stockton
and Darlington Railway
He is even more famous as the man who
developed ‘The Rocket’, the winning
locomotive in the Liverpool to Manchester
Railway competition
Working Conditions
As a direct result of the development of machinery and factories
working conditions became more hazardous
Mass production machinery was dangerous and fast moving
Young children became especially susceptible to injury – due to their
size they were used to clean and repair these machines
The development of factories coincided with urbanisation – towns
sprang up where the living conditions were often extremely cramped
and dirty
Pre-Industrialisation Britain – based on a domestic system of work in
the home.
A move to the factory system heightened the dangers for workers
In time, investigators began to uncover the harsh working conditions
in factories and legislation in the form of a series of Factory Acts
reduced the working ages, working hours and dangers for factory
workers. They also tried to provide social needs such as education
and housing – perhaps the most famous of these was Robert Owen
Robert Owen
Born in Wales in 1771, by 1799
he had bought the cotton
spinning mills of New Lanark,
Scotland
He believed that his workers
should be well looked after – he
introduced schooling, housing
and shops for his employees
He wanted incentives for his
workers – the better they were
looked after, the better they
would work
He was a major factor in the
Factory Acts being passed
His views met with opposition
and his trade union collapsed
Domestic and Factory Systems
Domestic System
Factory System
Small-scale, home based work
Small workshops included
No coordination of workers – raw
materials had to be delivered to each
No consistency of quality – depended
on skill of the worker
Fairly safe working conditions
Families could work together as a unit
In textiles – 75% of workers were
women and children
Employees spread out – not able to
join together to dispute pay cuts etc
Workers had an element of control
over their working pace and hours
Did not replace the domestic system
overnight – gradual process
Consolidation of workers under one
roof
More dangerous conditions
Better consistency of quality – items
mass produced
Owners controlled lives of workers –
hours, pay, conditions etc
Much more efficient in terms of
quantities produced, delivery of
materials
In textiles, the domestic system
disappears
Bigger premises were able to utilise
the developments in water / steam /
machine power
LINKS!!!!
Think about how the industries link together
How does Steam impact Textiles / Iron / Coal?
How does precision Ironwork help textiles?
How does the Coal industry help develop Steam
power?
How are Coal and Iron linked?
Your exam will not mention transport – focus on
the processes of industrialisation, the details of
each industry and their social impact