Transcript SOME ASPECTS OF STRANGE MATTER : STARS AND …

Centre for Astroparticle Physics and
Space Sciences –
A National Facility at Bose Institute
(A project under IRHPA Scheme)
Sibaji Raha
Bose Institute
Kolkata
Acharya J.C. Bose (1858 – 1937)
“Thus the lines of physics, of
physiology and psychology converge
and meet. And here will assemble
those who would seek oneness
amidst the manifold”
– Acharya J.C.Bose
Genesis & Mission
• Drawn by Nationalist zeal,
Missionary vision,
Faith in the ability of Indians
Not merely a laboratory but a temple
• 1896 – visit to Royal Institution, London
Took firm roots of the Idea
• 1915 – Retirement from Education Service
• 1917 – Bose Institute was Founded
“And in this country through
millenniums, there always have been
some who, beyond the immediate and
absorbing prize of the hour, sought for
the realization of the highest ideal of life
– not through passive renunciation, but
through active struggle”
“The advancement of science is the
principal object of the Institute, and
also the diffusion of knowledge”
“ In this institute…the claim of art has
not been forgotten, for the artist has been
working with us, from foundation to
pinnacle and from floor to ceiling of this
very hall….
“And beyond the arch, the laboratory merges
imperceptibly into the garden which is true
laboratory for the study of life. There the
creepers, the plants and trees are played upon
by natural environment, sunlight and wind…
and where they will be subjected to chromatic
action of different lights, to invisible rays, to
electrified ground or thunder-charged
atmosphere.”
“India is drawn into the vortex of
international competition. She has to
become efficient in every way –
through spread of education,
through performance of civic duties and
responsibilities, through activities both
industrial and commercial. Neglect of
these essentials of national duty will
imperil her very existence.”
– Acharya J.C.Bose
Origin
1. In-house expertise : Need for consolidation
2. Darjeeling Campus : Location & Opportunities
(a) Cosmic Ray
(b) Atmospheric Chemistry
(c) Radiometric studies
Four major programmes
1. Cosmic ray studies at high altitude
2. Changing airspace environment in Eastern Himalayas
3. Children’s science resource centre
4. Manpower development – training programmes
Cosmic Ray studies
Quark
Symbol Spin
Charge
Baryon
Number
Mass (GeV)
Up
u
1/2
2/3
1/3
0.006
Down
d
1/2
-1/3
1/3
0.010
Strange s
1/2
-1/3
1/3
0.150
Charm c
1/2
2/3
1/3
1.500
Bottom b
1/2
-1/3
1/3
5.100
Top
1/2
2/3
1/3
175.0
t
Electrons – electric cherge - EM force – Photon
Quarks - Colour Charge - Strong force – Gluon
Quark – three colours - Red , Blue , Green
Gluons – eight - red + anti-blue and other combinations
Mesons – quark+antiquark – colour+anticolour – WHITE
Baryons – three quarks – red+blue+green - WHITE
H- matter  P.T.  Q – matter
SQM  Ground state of matter
First idea : Bodmer (1971)
Resurrected : Witten (1984)
Stable SQM : Conflict with
experience ????
2-flavour energy > 3-flavour
Lowering due to extra Fermi well
Stable QM  3-flavour matter
Stable SQM  significant amount
s quarks
For nuclei  high order of weak
interaction to convert u & d to s
SQM & Strangelet Search :
SQM :
1. Early universe quark-hadron phase transition
Quark nugget  MACHO
2. Compact stars (Core of Neutron Stars or Quark Stars)
Strangelets :
1. Heavy Ion Collision
Short time
Much smaller size A ~ 10-20
Stability Problem at high temperature
2. Cosmic Ray events :
Collision of Strange stars or other strange objects
Shower
Detection of strangelets

Propagation mechanism of strangelets

How far can it travel through atmosphere

How does it interact with atmosphere ?
Important observations
 Stability of strange matter
 Small positive charge  massive s quark  Z/A  1
Remarks :

Detection of strangelets : Passive detectors

Active detectors : Air shower studies in collaboration
Study of
Changing airspace environment
in Eastern Himalayas
Indo-Gangetic plane :
 Agricultural as well as Industrial activity
 Source of atmospheric pollutants
 Vulnerable place from changing environment
 Himalaya is subject to
(a) emissions from IGP regions
(b) pollutants transported from long distances
 Himalaya : Unique place to monitor airspace
environment
Eastern Himalaya : wet with rich forest cover and
lesser population
Western Himalaya : dry, scanty forest cover and
high population
Monitoring stations :
Mostly in western Himalaya
Eastern Himalaya Monitoring stations
Pyramid
Station
5034 meters
Sandakphu
4200 meters
Kathmandu
ICIMODUCSD
Station
Darjeeling
2500 meters
North Bengal University, Siliguri
Physical
Environmen
t
Chemical
Environment
H2O: mm waves
O3, CO, NOx, SO2: Trace
Species
Aerosols: Scattering/
Absorbing
Met Data
3-D Trajectories
Eastern
Himalayas
Radio Environment
Emission
Inventories
Monitoring of transboundary
pollutants
23.8 GHz (Water Vapour)
31.4 GHz (Liquid Water)
Distrometers (DSD)
Air Pollutant Dispersal
3-D Chemical Modeling
Chemical, Physical, and Radio Mapping of
the region
Project II-AI (IITM)
Atmospheric Chemistry-Aerosol-Climate Interaction
• Objectives
* To monitor physical, chemical and optical
characteristics of aerosols under different air mass situations
* To investigate the role of radiative forcing of aerosols in
the climate system using experimental observations and
model computations
* To assess the influence of terrain / meteorological
conditions on aerosol parameters
Project II-AII (NPL)
Chemical behaviour of aerosols, greenhouse gases,
trajectory analysis and impact of particulate matter
loading on human health
• Objectives
* To monitor greenhouse gases and pollutants for
understanding trans-boundary flow
* To investigate the chemical characteristics of aerosols
and back trajectory analysis for source apportionment
* To assess the impacts of particulate matter loading on
human health
Expected outcome
• Mass-size distribution of aerosols
• Monthly, seasonal and diurnal variation of aerosol, trace and
green house gas, partulate matter concentrations
• Influence of meteorological parameters on air pollutants
• Chemical composition of precipitation and aerosols
• Impacts of aerosol loading on atmospheric radiative forcing
• Trans-boundary flow of pollutants
• Impact of pollutants on regional climate
• Relation between atmospheric pollution loading and human
health hazards
• Various measurements, as mentioned below, will be
undertaken. Continuous monitoring will take place at the
Darjeeling site and measurements at Siliguri and Sandakphu
will be made in campaign mode. These measurements at
varying altitudes will provide some information about
height profiles.
• Atmospheric surface ozone
• Columnar ozone (indirect)
• Radiation measurements including UV radiation
• Trace and Green House gases (NO2, SO2, NOx, SOx, CO,
CO2, CH4 and N2O)
• Physical and chemical characteristics of Aerosols
(Scattering/absorbing) including carbonaceous aerosols
• Precipitation chemistry
• Biogenic organic particulate matter
• Meteorological Parameters
Project II-B
STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC
WATER VAPOUR AND CLOUD
LIQUID WATER USING DUAL
FREQUENCY RADIOMETER
AND RELATED RAIN/FOG
ENVIRONMENT AT THE HIGH
ALTITUDE STATION AT
DARJEELING
•
•
•
•
IWV and LWP with a dual-frequency radiometer operating at 23.8 and 31.4
GHz.
Rain attenuation over earth-space paths by receiving satellite signals at Ku/Ka
bands.
Rain rate with an optical rain-gauge
Rain drop size distribution with a Disdrometer.
The following studies are proposed with the above-mentioned experimental
measurements:
•
•
•
•
•
Variation of atmospheric water vapour, cloud liquid water content with
time season, season, and their relationship with surface weather
parameters, such as, temperature, relative humidity etc.
Modelling of cloud liquid water content and comparison of the derived
model with the available global models.
To indicate the inter-relationship between IWP and LWP
To relate the rain attenuation over earth-space paths with the rain rate at
the receiving site of satellite signal that will give an integrated picture of
rain rate over the satellite path.
To relate rain DSD with radiometric observations during rain. Also, rain
DSD will provide liquid water content in rain, which may be related with
IWV and LWP. These integrated measurements will be used to study the
interrelation among cloud liquid water, water vapour and rain at
Darjeeling
Children’s Science Resource Centre
1. Formation of science clubs in schools
2. Train them to record local meteorological data
3. Once in a month meeting, recording of data taken
by students in the central data base
4. Train some of the interested students for cosmic ray
experiments
5. Introductory level lectures by scientists
Manpower development
Workshops and summer schools on various
aspects of the :
cosmic ray physics
Instrumentation
Environmental science
Weather modeling studies
Numerical simulation
with hands-on training
Aimed at : Masters level and beginning doctoral
students
Thank You
Cosmic rays
Cosmic rays are high
energy charged particles,
originating in outer space,
that travel at nearly the
speed of light and strike
the Earth from all
directions.
Cosmic ray ions at the top
of the energy range
produce
in
the
atmosphere showers of
many
millions
of
fragments, covering many
acres, and their more
energetic
fragments
register even in deep
mines,
a
mile
underground.
back