Transcript Soarian™ User Interface

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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Positive acceptance of an application
 Mastery of the interface
 Competence in performing tasks
 Ease in learning originally and in assimilating advanced features
 Confidence in the capacity to retain mastery over time
 Enjoyment in using the interface
 Eagerness to show off interfaces to novices
 Desire to explore more powerful aspects
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Attributes of direct-manipulation interfaces
 Visibility of the objects and actions of interest
• Example: Driving an automobile
 Rapid, reversible, incremental actions
 Replacement of types commands by a pointing action on the object of
interest
 Example: Dragging a file to a trash can versus “rm file.doc”
• What about: “rm file*.doc”?
• What about “rm *.*” with no undo?
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Extensions of direct manipulation
 Virtual reality – users are in an immersed environment
• Reality is blocked out via a head-mounted display
• Hand gestures (via a data glove) allow users to point, select,
grasp and navigate
 Augmented reality – user remains in normal
surroundings, but adds a transparent overlay.
• Examples – labeled buildings, hidden plumbing
• Google: Project Glass
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W2E2zcFt9Xo
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnRJaHZH9lo&feature=related
 Tangible user interfaces – users manipulate physical
objects
• Example – putting several plastic blocks near each other to
create an office floor plan
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line versus display editors versus word processors
 The Tubeless Interface
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line versus display editors versus word processors
 Single-line and Multi-line Editors (e.g., IBM MVS, VM, TSO, JCL)
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line versus display editors versus word processors

Single-line and Multi-line Editors versus WYSIWYG (what you see is what you get) editors (e.g.,
Microsoft Word – early 1990s)

Example: Three basic modes of vi
•
Command mode (Telling the computer what to do: Low level commands, e.g., move the cursor
to the right one character)

Default when you enter vi.

Most letters, or short sequences of letters, that you type will be interpreted as commands

Pressing Esc when you're in command mode, your terminal will beep at you. This is a very
good way to tell when you're in command mode
•
•
Insert mode (Entering the content)

Whatever you type is inserted in the file at the cursor position

Press Esc to end insert mode, and return to command mode.
Line mode (Telling the computer what to: High level commands, e.g. Save)

To enter line mode from command mode, type a colon ( : )

Your cursor moves to the bottom of the screen, by a colon prompt.

Type a line mode command, then press Enter.
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line versus display editors versus word processors
 Single-line and Multi-line Editors (e.g., vi)
Starting vi and Saving Files
Starting vi: vi filename (start editing filename, create it if necessary)
Saving the file you're working on and/or leaving vi: :wq (write the file to disk and quit)
Quit without saving any changes: :q!
:w! newfile (write all lines from the entire current file into the file 'newfile', overwriting any existing
newfile)
:n,m w! newfile (write the lines from n to m, inclusive, into the file newfile, overwriting any existing
newfile)
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line versus display editors versus word processors
 Single-line and Multi-line Editors
Type
To Move To
h
one space to the left (also try left arrow)
j
one line down (also try down arrow)
k
one line up (also try up arrow)
l
one space to the right (also try right arrow)
$
end of current line
^
beginning of current line
Enter
beginning first word on the next line
G
end of file
:n
line n; use :0 to move the beginning of the file
w
beginning of next word; 5w moves to the beginning of the 5th word to the right
e
end of next word
b
beginning of previous word
Ctrl-b
one page up
Ctrl-f
one page down
%
the matching (, ), [, ], {, or }
(Press % with your cursor on one of these characters to move your cursor its
mate.)
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line versus display editors versus word processors
 Single-line and Multi-line Editors
• Searching for text
Type
To
/string
search down for string
?string
search up for string
n
repeat last search from present position
• Inserting text
Type
To
a
append starting right of cursor
A
append at the end of the current line
i
insert starting left of cursor
I
insert at beginning of the current line
o
open line below cursor, then enter insert mode
O
open line above cursor, then enter insert mode
:r newfile
add the contents of the file newfile starting below the current line
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line versus display editors versus word processors
 Single-line and Multi-line Editors
• Deleting text
Type
To
x
delete single character; 5x deletes 5 characters
dw
delete word; 5dw deletes 5 words
dd
delete line; 5dd deletes 5 rows
cw
delete word, leaves you in insert mode (i.e. change word)
cc
change line -- delete line and start insert mode
s
change character -- delete character and start insert mode
D
delete from cursor to end of line
C
change from cursor to end of line -- delete and start insert mode
u
undo last change
U
undo all changes to current line
J
join current line with line that follows (press Enter in insert mode to split line)
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line versus display editors versus word processors
 Single-line and Multi-line Editors
• Cutting and Pasting
Type
To
xp
transpose two characters (two commands, x followed by p)
yy
yank (i.e. copy) one line into a general buffer (5yy to yank 5 lines)
"ayy
yank into the buffer named a
P
put the general buffer back before the current line
"aP
put from buffer a before current line
p
put the general buffer back after the current line
"ap
put from buffer a after the current line
• Miscellaneous Commands
Type
To
Ctrl-g
show line number of current line
Ctrl-l
redraw the entire display
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line versus display editors versus word processors
 Early 1980s – Text editing was done with line-oriented command languages
 Nroff/troff: Unix based word processor
.nf = no-fill, you use for graphs or
text that you don't want spaces to
be ignored
.ce # = centers by the # of sentences you enter
.ti # = .ti indents but only for one line, so if you have one
sentence that needs to be indented 8 spaces but the rest of
the page is indented 3 you can use .ti 8 for that single
sentence
.fi = fill-in, extra space will be ignored and text that is entered
like this, the fill-in command will continue until you enter a .nf
command and vice-versa
.in # = # is the number of spaces you want the text indented,
this command will be in place until you put in a new .in
command...if you want something to not be indented you put in
.in 0
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line editors
 Who would use these interfaces?
 Why?
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line editors
 Who would use these interfaces?
 Why?
• Mastery of the interface
• Competence in performing tasks
• Ease in learning originally and in assimilating advanced features
• Confidence in the capacity to retain mastery over time
• Enjoyment in using the interface
• Eagerness to show off interfaces to novices
• Desire to explore more powerful aspects
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Command-line editors
 Who would use these interfaces?
 Why?
• BETTER THAN A TYPEWRITER
• BETTER THAN A SLIDE RULE
• BETTER THAN A CALCULATOR
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Advantages of WYSIWYG Editors

Users see a full page of text

• 20 to 60 lines provides a context for each sentence
The document is seen as it will appear when printed
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• Eliminating the clutter of formatting commands
Cursor action is visible

• Indicates where to focus attention and apply action
Cursor motion is natural

• Arrow keys or mouse provide natural physical mechanisms for moving the cursor
Labeled icons make frequent actions rapid

• Toolbar for frequent actions
Immediate display of the results of an action

• Example: Clicking a button to center text provides immediate result
Rapid response and display

• Full page of text in a fraction of a second
Easily reversible actions
• Example: Undo, backspace
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Technology advancements evolving from word processing
 Integration of graphics, spreadsheets, animations, photographs, etc.
 Desktop publishing software
 Presentation software
 Hypermedia environments and the World Wide Web (hyperlinks to
documents)
 Improved macro facilities (e.g., construct, save and edit sequences of
frequently used actions)
 Spell checkers and thesauri
 Grammar checkers
• Use of passive voice
• Excessive use of certain words
• Lack of parallel construction
 Document assemblers
• Contracts
• Wills
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Spreadsheets
 1979 – VisiCalc from a Harvard Business School
student
 254 rows and 63 columns
 Functions within a cell as it relates to other cells
 Simulation of an accountants spreadsheet
 Lotus 1-2-3 dominated the market in the 1980s
 Today Excel dominates
• Graphics displays
• Multiple windows
• Statistical routines
• Database access (e.g., Price List to Service Catalog)
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Spatial Data Management
 Geographic applications – Nicholas Negroponte at MIT
 Display of the world and able to zoom in on the Pacific Ocean to see markers
for convoys of military ship
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Spatial Data Management
 ArcView – ESRI
• Global Information Systems (Demo)
• Select type of information to display (roads, population, rainfall, topography,
political boundaries
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Video Games
 The most exciting, well-engineered, commercially successful application of
direct-manipulation concepts?
 Pong
 Pacman (http://www.activitypad.com/online-games/pacman/)
 Field of action is visual and compelling
 Button presses, joystick motions and knob rotations produce rapid response
on the screen
 No syntax to remember
 Error messages are rare – the results of the action are obvious and easily
reversed
 Often there is continuous display of the score (competition between others
and the player themselves)
• Positive reinforcement that encourages mastery
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Video Games
 Educational Video Games – direct manipulation
• SimCity – education on urban planning
• The Sims – stronger attraction to women then men
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Video Games
 Computer Role Playing Games (CRPGs)
• Players assume the role of a fictional character
• Activity takes place in a fictional world
• User’s control many of their character's actions
• Myst
 Massively Multiplayer On-Line Role Playing Games (MMORPGs)
• A large number of players interact with one another in a virtual
world
• Interaction is in a persistent world
– hosted by the game's publisher
– continues to evolve while the player is away from the game
• Worldwide MMORPGs revenues exceeded half a billion dollars in 2005
• World of Warcraft
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Video Games versus Business Applications
 Game players
• Engaged in competition with a system or other players
• Seek entertainment and focus on challenge
• May prefer random events
 Application users
• Prefer a strong internal locus of control
• Focus on their tasks and may resent too many playful distractions
• Do not prefer random events
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Computer-aided Design
 Automobiles, electronic circuitry, aircraft, mechanical engineering
 Structural engineering, floorplans, interiors, landscaping, plumbing, electrical
installation, etc.
 When the design is complete, the program can provide information regarding:
• Current
• Voltage drops
• Fabrication costs
• Manufacturing problems
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces

Computer – aided Manufacturing and
Process Control
 Honeywell’s Experion Process Knowledge
System
• Provides the manager of a oil refinery or
power utility plant with a colorized schematic
of the plant
• Can indicate with a red line a sensor value that
is out of range
• With a single click the operator can get a more
detailed view of the troubling component
• A second click can provide more detailed
information the sensor, or reset a value or
circuit
• Basic strategy: eliminate the need for complex
commands that the operator might only need
to recall during a once-a-year emergency
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Direct Manipulation in Office Automation
 Xerox Star
• Sophisticated Text Formatting
• Graphics
• Multiple Fonts
• High Resolution
• Cursor Based Interface
 Apple Lisa
• Precursor to the Macintosh
• Hardware and software designs supported
– Pull-down menus
– Multi-window manipulation
– Editing of graphics and text
– Dragging of icons
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Direct Manipulation in Office Automation
 MS-DOS Commands vs. Macintosh Direct Manipulation
• Tasks: Creating, copying, renaming, erasing files
• After training and practice, average task times:
– MS-DOS is 5.8 minutes
– Macintosh is 4.8 minutes
•
After training and practice, average errors:
– MS-DOS is 2.0
– Macintosh is 0.8
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Continuing evolution of direct manipulation
 Quicken
 Home Automation
• Direct manipulation on a floor plan of:
– Burglar alarms
– Heat sensors
– Smoke detectors
– Opening/closing curtains or screens
– Air conditioning and heating
– Audio/video speakers or screens
» E.g., users can route sound from a MP3 player located in the living
room to the kitchen by dragging the MP3 icon into the kitchen
 Virtual Worlds
• Travel through the human body
• Ride an electron cloud as it spins around a nucleus
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Continuing evolution of direct manipulation
 Problems with direct manipulation
• Spatial or visual representation are not necessarily an improvement over text
– Especially for blind or visually impaired users
• Direct manipulation designs may consume considerable screen space
– May result in scrolling or multiple actions
• Users must learn the meanings of visual representations
– Icon interpretation
• For experienced typists, taking a hand off the keyboard to move a mouse may
take more time then typing the relevant command
• Users may not share the same understanding of the metaphor, analogy, or
conceptual model with the designer (testing is required)
• Browser based applications limit direct manipulation (e.g., drag & drop)
– Require Dynamic HTML, Java or Flash
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Advantages of direct manipulation
 Continuous representation of the objects and actions of interest with
meaningful visual metaphors
 Physical actions or presses of labeled buttons, instead of complex syntax
 Rapid, incremental, reversible actions whose effects on the objects of
interest are visible immediately
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Advantages of direct manipulation
 Design systems with the following benefits
• Novices can learn basic functionality quickly
• Experts can work rapidly to carry out a wide range of tasks, even defining new
functions and features
• Knowledgeable intermittent users can retain operational concepts
• Error messages are rarely needed
• Users can immediately see whether their actions are furthering their goals, and
if the actions are counterproductive, they can change the direction of their
activity
• Users experience less anxiety because the interface is comprehensible and
because actions are easily reversed
• Users gain confidence and mastery because they are the initiators of action,
they feel in control, and they predict the interface’s responses
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 The OAI Model and Direct Manipulation
 The object of interest is displayed so that interface actions are close to the
high-level task domain
 Little need for mental decomposition of tasks into multiple interface
commands with complex syntactic forms (e.g., vi: go to line, go to word,
go to character)
 Each action produces a comprehensible result in the task domain that is
visible in the interface immediately
 The closeness of the task domain to the interface domain reduces
operator problem-solving load and stress
 Compared to textual descriptors, visual representations of objects may be
more natural and closer to human innate capabilities
• Action and visual skills emerged well before language in human evolution
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Visual Thinking and Icons
 Semiotics – the study of signs and symbols
 Icon – an image, picture or symbol representing a concept
• In computer systems usually less than one inch square (64x64 pixels)
• Smaller icons are often integrated with a window border or toolbar
 Task dependency
• When working on a visual task (e.g., painting program), icons may be useful
• When working on a text-based task, it may be better to stay text based
 Icons with words (or mouse-overs) are useful
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Icon related guidelines
 Represent the object or action in a familiar and recognizable manner
 Limit the number of different icons
 Make the icon standout from its background
 3-d icons can be visually distracting
 Ensure that a single selected icon is clearly visible when surrounded by
unselected icons
 Make each icon distinctive from every other icon
 Ensure harmoniousness of each icon as a member of a family of icons
 Design the movement animation (e.g., grayed-out ghost image on a drag)
 Detail information
• Larger shadowing for a larger file
• Color to show the age of a document
• Animation to show how much of a file has printed (document icon absorbed
progressively into the printer icon)
 Explore use of combination of icons
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Direct Manipulation Programming
 Example: programming a radio to a set of stations by pressing/holding a
channel selection button
 Phone Services
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Direct Manipulation Programming
 Programming in the User Interface
• Sufficient computational generality
– Conditionals (if, then, else)
– Iteration (repeat/while)
• Access to appropriate data structures and operators
– File structures for directories
– Addition, subtraction, etc.
• Ease in programming
– By specification or by demonstration (Flash animation)
– Argument passing
• Simplicity in invocation and assignment of arguments
• Low risk
– High probability of bug free programs
– Halt and resume
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Direct Manipulation Programming
 Viscosity – the difficulty of making changes to a program
 Progressive evaluation – the capacity for execution of partial programs
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 3-Dimensional Interfaces
 Some applications are designed as 2-D to be simpler than real-world
systems http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hw-O4zX8qRY
• Constrain movement
• Limit interface actions
• Ensure visibility of interface objects
 Enhanced 3D may be better than 3D
• Flying through objects
• Multiple simultaneous views of objects
• X-ray vision
• Shrink/expand objects
• Group/ungroup components
• Going back in time
 Less than successful 3D interfaces
• Air-traffic control
• Showing altitude by perspective drawing only adds clutter when compared to
an overview from directly above
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 4-Dimensional Interfaces
 4-D Anyone?
Tesseract
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bIj0oWtTF4&feature=fvwrel
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Second Life
 Multi-user environment where users interact
 Users can choose avatars (fantasy images, desirable characteristics)
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Relationship to:
 Personality Theory
 Social Psychology
 Spatial Cognition
 Applicable to business meetings, community discussion groups,
political forums?
 Blaxxun envision
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 3D Desktops and Workplaces
 Microsoft’s Task Gallery
 Intel’s Grand Canyon
 Xerox PARC’s Information Visualizer
 No successful products yet
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Tips for effective 3D interfaces
 Use occlusion, shadows, perspective and other 3D techniques carefully
 Minimize the number of navigation steps for users to accomplish their
tasks
 Keep text readable (better rendering, good contrast with background, an
no more than 30-degree tilt)
 Avoid unnecessary visual clutter, distraction, contrast shifts and reflections
 Simplify user movement (keep movements planar, avoid surprises like
going through walls)
 Organize groups of items in aligned structures to allow rapid visual search
 Enable users to construct visual groups to support spatial recall (e.g.,
placing items in corners)
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Guidelines for inclusion of 3D features
 Provide users overviews so they can see the big picture
 Allow teleportation (rapid context shifts by selecting destination in an
overview)
 Offer x-ray vision
 Provide history keeping (recording, undoing, replaying, editing)
 Permit rich user actions on objects (save, copy, annotate, share, send)
 Give users control over explanatory text (pop-up, floating, screen tips)
 Offer tools to select, mark and measure
 Implement dynamic queries to rapidly filter out unneeded items
 Enable landmarks to show themselves even at a distance
 Allow multiple coordinated views (users can be in more than one place at
a time)
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Teleoperation
Mahru Humanoid Robot Real-Time Teleoperation
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TJmQqC1nHTU&feature=fvwrel
 Derived from direct manipulation and process control
 Physical processes taking place in a remote location
• Clean-up in a nuclear reactor
 Need adequate feedback in sufficient time to permit effective decision
making
• Manufacturing
• Medicine (consultation, radiology)
• Military operations (drones)
 Home automation
• Answering machines
• Security systems
• Energy control
• Appliances
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aFPQfhUArjI&feature=fvw
rel
 Design to accommodate teleoperation issues
 Slow response times and time delays
• Transmission delay (time for command to reach the microscope)
• Operation delay (time until the microscope responds)
 Incomplete feedback
• The microscope can transmit its current position, but operates so slowly it
cannot indicate the exact current position
 Unanticipated interferences
• The slide is accidentally moved by a person at the local site
 May be better for the user to specify a destination (rather than a motion)
and wait until the action is completed
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Telemedicine
 Remote examination
 Remote surgery
 Telepathology
• Magnification
• Focus
• Illumination
• Position
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Virtual and Augmented Reality
 “Being in” as opposed to “Looking at”
 Architectural applications
• Wall-sized image to give perspective
• Animation to simulate movement (left to right)
• Treadmill to simulate walking toward, walk through doors, stairs
• Replace projector with a head-mounted display
 Some applications are better when “looked at”
• Air-traffic control
• To surgeons want to “Be in” the patients body?
 Training using virtual reality
• Fifth Dimension Technologies www.5DT.com
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Virtual and Augmented Reality
 The CAVE (National Center for Supercomputing Applications)
 An immersive virtual reality facility designed for the exploration of and
interaction with spatially engaging environments.
 The stereoscopic capabilities, coupled with its uniquely immersive design,
enable scientists and researchers to interact with their data
• An atmospheric scientist can actually "climb inside" of a hurricane and visualize
its complex and chaotic elements from any angle or visual perspective
• A biological researcher, examining a tightly coiled strand of DNA, can virtually
"unravel" this strand and manipulate it in an environment that preserves the
critical depth information of the data.
• Teach a child to cross a street
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C5jSSKwBbVM
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Artificial Reality
 VideoPlace – Myron Krueger
• Surround the user with an artificial reality which responded to their movements and
actions.
• The users were able to visually see the results of their actions on screen, through the use
of colored silhouettes.
• The users had a sense of presence while interacting with onscreen objects and other
users.
• The sense of presence was enough that users pulled away when their silhouettes
intersected with those of other users.
eHarmony 2.0?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MsySesdisE
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Applications of virtual environments
 Phobia treatment
• Acrophobia
 Pain Control
• Immersive environments provide distractions for patients
 Interior Design
• OAI model
– Click, drag, enlarge objects
– Room painting tool
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNIqyyypojg
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Augmented Reality
 See the real world with an overlay of additional information
• See wires or plumbing behind walls
• Tourist glasses – label buildings in a historic town
• Molecular biology
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZczX6qleV4Q
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Virtual environments dependent on integration of multiple technologies
 Visual Display
• Normal Display
– 12 to 17 inches diagonally at a normal viewing distance of 70 cm subtends
a visual angle of about 5-degrees
• Large Screen
– 17 to 30 inches can cover 20 to 30-degrees
• Head Mounted Displays
– 100 degrees horizontally and 60-degrees vertically
– Head motion produces new images so users perceive 360-degrees
– Displays must approach 100-millisecond delay in presenting images to
approach real time
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Virtual environments dependent on integration of multiple technologies
 Head-position sensing
• Head-mounted displays can provide differing views depending on head position
 Hand-position sensing
• DataGlove
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Virtual environments dependent on integration of multiple technologies
 Force feedback and haptics
• Hand-operated remote-control devices for performing chemistry experiments or
for handling nuclear materials
• Gives users a sense of grasp
 Sound input and output
• Training of Army tank crews while using realistic sounds of battle resulted in:
– Elevated heart rates, more rapid breathing, and increased perspiration
• Speech recognition for initiating actions and making menu selection
– Keyboard and mouse use is restricted
 Other sensations
• Tilting and vibration of flight simulators
 Collaborative and competitive virtual environments
• Two people at remote sites working together while seeing each others actions
and the object of interest
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Definition, benefits, and drawbacks of direct manipulation
 Definition
• Visual representation (metaphor) of the “world of action”
• Objects are always shown
• Rapid, incremental, and reversible actions
• Replacement of typing with pointing/selecting
• Immediate visibility of results of actions
 Benefits over commands
• Less syntax reduces error rates
• Errors are more preventable
• Faster learning and higher retention
• Encourages exploration
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Definition, benefits, and drawbacks of direct manipulation
 Concerns
• Increased system resources (possibly)
• Some actions may be cumbersome (e.g., form fillin forcing use of mouse)
• History and other tracing may be difficult
• Visually impaired users may have more difficulty
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Direct Manipulation Interfaces
 Piaget’s Four Stages of Development
 Sensorimotor (birth to 2 years)
 Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
 Concrete operational (7 to 11 years)
• Physical actions on an object are comprehensible
• Children acquire the concept of conservation or invariance
• Direct manipulation brings activity to this stage
 Formal operational (begins at 11 years)
• Symbol manipulation to represent actions on objects