Transcript Document

Name of validation check
Description of what it designed to do
Range Check
To make sure that a number lies within a certain range
Data Type / character
Check
Making sure that the right type of data is entered. For
example, numbers can only be entered into a numeric field
Presence check
Ensuring that data has been entered into a field
Checking data is VALID, using SOFTWARE at
the INPUT stage.
Check Digit
A number placed at the end of a string of numbers to check
that they have been correctly input into the computer
In other words, the computer uses software
to check what is entered is reasonable when
it is entered into the computer.
Format Check
Checks to make sure that the data contains the correct
combination of letters and numbers
Validation
You can NEVER know that data is 100%
correct. But you can put checks in place to
make sure it is as correct as humanly
possible. This is validation
Example validation expressions checks
Verification
>1 And <100 – Type in a number between one and 100
This is used to ensure data is as accurate as
possible. Remember, it is not possible to
check data is 100% correct.
Verification means to check the data that
you have entered against the original source
data.
How is this done?
Entering the data twice (e.g. PASSWORDS).Double Keying
Double Checking (Proof reading)
Verifying you are a human to prevent BOTS
or AUTOMATED SIGN UPS by using
CAPTCHA.
= 1 Or 2 Or 3 – Must be the number either 1, 2 or 3
>#01/01/2012# - It has to be a date after 1st Jan 2012
Encoding
This is where you shorten a word or field Eg M/F (Male / Female)
Benefits
Drawbacks
Less storage space needed
Copying data could be a bad thing!
(think about MP3)
Data can be easily copied / transferred
Data theft?
Easier / faster to back up
Training needed to understand code
Faster to enter / type
Security of data
Fast to access and easier to check with validation
Animation
Bitmap
Vector
Types of Animation:
Flip Books
Stop Motion (models)
Key Frame / Flash Animation (Flash)
3D Animation (Avatar)
Location and colour information is stored
about every single pixel in the picture.
Mathematically based pictures. Made up of
lines, shapes etc (objects).
Individual pixels can be changed.
Objects are independent of one another.
Resolution based. Stretching them, stretches
the pixels and loses quality.
Have smooth edges & are good for precise
drawing.
Mainly used for photorealism where a large
amount of detail and control is needed.
Easily scalable (as they are not pixel based).
Can be created in Paint, Photoshop etc.
Mainly used for photography / capturing real
images.
Web Hosting
PIXEL - a coloured dot in an image.
Web Authoring
Why do companies use websites?
 To reach a wider range of customers:
(anyone, anywhere, any time).
 To allow for 24/7 store opening.
 To promote the business
 Provide a mechanism of support for
customers.
 To interact with customers
There are some issues though…
• Reliability
• Crashes / down time
• Difficulty reaching the right people
• Spam
• Bad Publicity
BITMAP - an image made up of pixels each having their own colour
information.
VECTOR IMAGE - an image made up of shapes and lines.
IMAGE RESOLUTION - the amount of detail in an image.
Rotoscoping - Taking real footage and tracing over it to
produce an animation effect. EG Ipod advert
Multimedia is the combination of different elements:
Sound
Text
Animation
Video
Interactivity
Multimedia is used in many different places:
Education
Entertainment
Business
Society
Advantages
Disadvantages
•Hardware can be shared.
(Printers, scanners, file servers, internet routers).
Providing cost savings.
A lot of hardware required. E.g. servers, hubs,
switches, wiring, wireless routers. A lot of technical
expertise requires.
•Shared data. Information can be stored centralised (e.g.
a shop database of products). More accurate data. Also
easier to get information to people in different places.
Reliability and performance. High network traffic ,
could cause slow down. Central server failure could
cause whole network to die.
•Improved communication. E-Mail, Intranets and
Collaborative working.
Security. Viruses can potentially affect an ENTIRE
network. Hackers could compromise a whole system.
•Shared software. Network licenses for software is often
cheaper than individual licenses.
Upgrading: Upgrading cabling and machines on a
mass scale is expensive.
•Improved, centralised security. Logons, access levels.
•Centralised backup. Removing responsibility of
individual people.
What is a LAN?
Local Area Network. A series of interconnected
computers restricted to one site. Usually connected with
a mix of cables and wireless technologies.
What is a WAN?
A Router - Allows multiple computers
to use the same internet connection.
Wide Area Network. A series of interconnected
computers over more than one physical site (area, town,
city or even country!)
Connected with a range of technologies such as phone
lines, satellite links, broadband, physical fibre optic link.
•What is a network? - A series of interconnected computers, linked together either via cabling or wirelessly. Often linked via a central server but can be linked without a central computer.
•What is a stand alone computer? - A computer which is not connected to a network. All devices are directly connected to that computer and all data is stored on each individual machine.
Teleworking: Using internet or wireless technology to
work from a different location other than the normal
place of work (e.g. an office).
Web designer, Computer programmer, Solicitor, Games designer,
Architect, Online tutor, Phone sales person, Online advice,
Newspaper editor / journalist, Examiner / marker / moderator
The Digital Divide
The growth of IT has created a digital divide:
-People who can and cannot afford IT
-People who cannot afford internet access etc.
-People who cannot afford games consoles!
Divide between countries
-Some countries do not have adequate supplies of
water, electricity etc.
-No IT infrastructure which means they cannot
take advantage of the discounts available with IT.
-Cannot afford new hardware or internet
connectivity.
Homeworking: Using internet or wireless technology to
work from home as apposed to a normal place of work
(e.g. an office!)
Employment Patterns
More technology = Less practical jobs and more service jobs.
Video Conferencing
Videoconferencing allows
multiple people at different
locations to communicate
via video and audio.
Jobs that could use video conferencing
-Doctor to doctor – advice meetings.
-Teacher – teaching in adverse weather
or cross school teaching.
-Courtrooms – remote witnesses can be
questioned without having to be at court
Some jobs have gone, some jobs have been created as a result of IT.
For example: Car manufacture has been heavily replaced by robotics
but service engineers have been created to maintain the robots!
What the terms mean…
Social – How we communicate and interact with others. (see picture)
Economic – Money, jobs, buying, selling.
-Globalisation: resulted in a lot of service jobs being exported abroad.
-Call centres: cheaper to run abroad and VOIP makes it just as cheap to run anywhere
in the world.
-Companies can sell to a wider market – good. But this is bad as the competition rises!
Political – Voice of the people, voting, freedom of speech.
-Voting: can now be done by post, text and online. It is possible, but not done! This
would increase voting!
-Some governments restrict information.
-Freedom writers: anyone can blog and reveal information online (e.g. Wiki
T Leaks).
-More information readily available about government activity online.
E
Legal – Laws and crimes and criminal activity.
Ethical – What is right or wrong.
-Social networks – information posted can be used against people: e.g. in job
applications or as a means of dismissal if slanderous company comments are made.
-Activity monitored at work – online use.
-Websites tracking personal information about you (cookies).
-Companies selling personal data or using it without your permission.
Moral issues – The use or doing of things generally impact upon
others in some way.
-Illegal downloading of music, software etc.
-Accessing inappropriate content online.
-Copying information (e.g. cds, software etc.) more easily possible.
-Essay banks or sites where you can post a fee and people do work for you.
As ICT has been introduced
into an organisation, staff
have had to retrain
themselves into other
jobs.
Advantages for the employee
Disadvantages for the employee
No need to travel to work –
reduced costs
No home/work divide
Can work from comfort of own
home.
May become distracted
Less stress
Little social interaction of work
Work around family – flexible
hours
May be difficult to motivate
Opportunities for disabled people
to work
Increased home running costs
(electricity etc.)
Feel isolated.
How do ICT systems help
the environment?
Energy Monitor
GPS Systems – efficient
routes
Auto Stand by / Auto off
(e.g. Sky at 2am)
Fuel efficient cars/ hybrid
/ electric
GUI – Graphical User Interface
Good Points
Bad Points
Easy to navigate
around: intuitive
Takes a lot memory
Uses Windows. Icons,
Menus, Pointers –
easier for novices
A lot of processor
power is needed.
Help Guides and
keyboard shortcuts for
experts
Slow for experts who
just want to get things
done: e.g.
programmers.
Menu Driven
Good Points
Bad Points
Good for beginners – everything
in logical places.
Can take a long to go around a lot of menus to
find an option you need.
No expert language to learn
If the menu isn’t organised properly it could
cause frustration trying to find things.
Don’t need a lot of processing
power
Long menus with lots of options can be
tedious for experts.
Often used on phones or TV
systems
Voice Driven
CLI – Command Line Interface
Good Points
Bad Points
Fast for experts
Difficult for beginners to
use.
Little memory needed.
Very little processing
power needed.
Does not need
expensive hardware
Have to remember
commands
If you make a mistake,
have to type out the
whole command again.
Good Points
Bad Points
Excellent for people who are not
able to interact with a computer
via keyboard and mouse.
Have to train the computer
Can be faster than typing an essay
for example.
Have to speak slowly and clearly: hard to
interpret accents.
Good for novices
Can often make mistakes
Can save time.
Biometrics
Good Points
Bad Points
Very secure way of
protecting
information
Very expensive technology
Very difficult of
copying or hacking.
What happens if the person is
not available?
Faster than entering
passwords etc..
What if biometric data is
stolen? – a fingerprint cannot
be changed!
Retina
Touch
Voice
Fingerprints
DNA
Walking (Gait)
MICR – Magnetic Ink
Character Recognition
The writing on the bottom of the
cheque is written in magnetic ink.
The cheque is then read through a
MICR reader machine that reads
the magnetic ink.
Advantages
-Quick to read into a machine in a bank
-Difficult to forge
-Readable even if torn or folded
Advantages of ATM
for customers
Disadvantages of ATM for
Customers
24/7 access to cash
(no queues etc.)
Security issues: card
readers
Pay bills and other
services.
Not always in convenient
places.
Advantages of ATM
for BANKS
Disadvantages of ATM for
BANKS
Staff can do other
things
Cost money to run ATM
systems
No need to have a lot
of banks
Pay people to manage ATM
Disadvantages
-MICR machine is expensive
-Cheques not accepted by many
organisations any more
ONLINE BANKING
Allows access to account online
Can set up payments, direct debits
etc.
Can access 24/7 from home.
Can read statements and do a lot
of
E services (order replacement
cards
etc.).
T
Apply for additional services (loans,
mortgages etc.)
Advantages for Customer
Disadvantages for Customer
Shop 24/7
Cannot see the product
Can shop around
Extra delivery costs
Can read reviews before buying
Security ? Fake sites
Shop from home
Hidden costs? VAT etc
Disabled access
Hard or difficult to return items
Wider choice: global market
Advantages for Business
Disadvantages for Business
Business can stay open 24/7
More competition online
Reach a wider market: global
Site could be hacked
Little start up costs
If site goes down – costly
Fewer staff needed
Extra dependence upon delivery
companies etc..
Payroll
Everyone gets paid for the work they do. Payroll
systems manage the people who work for a business
and ensure they get paid the correct amount and tax
etc. is paid.
Payment is processed and sent to bank accounts
for employees. A wage slip is also produced
Which gives out important information:
No shop etc. needed
3 Types of security
T
Physical Security – Eg alarms, locked doors, fire protection, doors locked etc
Access Security – usernames/passwords, password policy, access
rights and Firewalls
Data Security – password protect, restrict access, backups,
Read-only files, Encryption
Robotics and bionics
Robotics: the practical use of robots in domestic or practical environments.
Robots perform a sequence of pre-programmed instructions to carry out repetitive
tasks.
Instructions are carried out in REAL TIME when needed.
Bionics: Applying biological science to electronic systems.
Advantages of Robotics
Disadvantages of Robotics
Can work in dangerous situations
Expensive to make and program
Can work 24/7 no holidays or sick pay.
Ethical issues: replacing the jobs of humans
Never make mistakes
Still needs people to service and repair them.
No payment needed
• INPUT: The heat sensor would read the temperature of your home.
• PROCESS: Would check the recorded temperature against the temperature you
have set (23 degrees).
• IF IT IS <23 THEN the OUTPUT would be a signal to switch the heating on.
• IF IT IS >=23 THEN the OUTPUT would be a signal to switch the heating off.
• IF the heating is switched on, the system would keep checking the
temperature, by getting FEEDBACK. Once it reaches 23, the heating would
then switch off.
Advantages of Expert Systems
Disadvantages of Expert Systems
Can be used 24/7 – making effective decisions
Expensive to set up and keep knowledge up to date
Faster than training a person.
Only as good as the knowledge and rules entered.
Reliable and efficient.
Does not have common sense
Cannot take everything into account – a ‘cold’ approach
Health
•Eye strain and
headaches
The Data Protection Act 1998
The Data Protection Act 1998 sets out to protect the
privacy of personal information.
It only covers personal information about living
individuals, not about businesses.
It covers data stored on computer or in a paperbased filing system.
It lets people check what data is being held about
them.
•Repetitive Strain
Injury (RSI)
•Back problems
•Stress
The act says that data must be: (The 8 Principles)
Safety
1.
Must be kept Secure
2.
Let subjects see the data stored on them
3.
Must be kept Up-to-Date
4.
Should be Relevant
5.
Used for intended Purpose
6.
Obtained Lawfully
7.
Accurate
8.
Should not be kept For longer than
•Monitors near end of desk (strong
benches)
•Space around work area
•Food and Drink
Types of Cyber crime
Hacking
Viruses
Phishing & Pharming
Denial of Service Attacks
Botnets
•Wires trailing
Credit Card Fraud
Spam
Fake websites
Spyware
Malware
•Too many plugs in sockets
•Good lighting- No glare/reflection
necessary
SLURPOAF
Exemptions to the Act
There are a few cases when the Data Protection Act
does not apply. These are called exemptions to the
Act. Here are a few of them:
Employer regulations – (THE LAW)
The law states that an employer must:
•Provide tiltable screens
•Provide anti-glare screen filters
- national security – you cannot demand to see your
data if national security is at stake
•Provide adjustable chairs
- police investigations – information being used to
prevent crime is not covered (though police records
are)
•Make sure lighting is suitable
- examination results are exempt until they are
published by the examining bodies.
•Provide foot supports
•Make sure workstations are not cramped
•Plan work at a computer so that there are frequent
breaks
•Pay for appropriate eye and eyesight tests by an optician
New technology is emerging every single day to improve our lives and the world
around us.
Flexible Screen (wrapped around a pencil)
•All technology has it’s benefits and also it’s drawbacks.
•Some technology will change the way we live, work and communicate together.
•Some technology will start the development of things quite fantastic.
QR code
&
Blippar
Self driving Google car
RFID Tag
Long checkout lines at the shops could disappear when the bar code is replaced by smart labels,
also called radio frequency identification (RFID) tags.
RFID tags are intelligent bar codes that can talk to a networked system to track every product that
you put in your shopping trolley.
Imagine going to Tesco, filling up your trolley and walking right out the door. No longer will you
have to wait as someone scans in each item in your trolley one at a time. Instead, these RFID tags
will communicate with an electronic reader that will detect every item in the cart and ring each up
almost instantly. It will then deduct the money from your bank account.