Transcript Introducing BA 490 - University of Redlands

Introducing BA 430
A Workshop for Faculty
11/21/2009
Jim Spickard
Jim Spee
Schedule
9:00-9:30
9:30-10:30
– Introductions & Course Overview
– Basics of Research Design
----- break -----
10:45-11:30 – Research Examples
11:30-noon – About Workshopping
----- lunch ----noon-1:40
– FAQ / Discussion
2
Course Overview
• This course is the equivalent of a second 400
level elective in a management topic.
• Instead of offering 20 electives, we allow
students to choose the topic and conduct
research to learn more about it.
• Each student will conduct a full project in just
eight weeks.
• This workshop will show you how!
3
Research Component
• Research is one of the best ways to get students
engaged in critical thinking.
• Research forces them to question:
– Prior research reported in their textbooks and in their
literature reviews.
– The data they collect.
– The practices of their companies
– Their ability to interpret data
– The conclusions they draw.
4
Research Design Basics
• Six Key Concepts
• Effective Design Structure
• How to Choose a Method
• Types of Research
5
Six Concepts
• Topic
• Question
• Topic vs Question
• Object
• Method
• Question  Object
 Method
• Site
• Design
6
Types of Design
(after Isaac & Michael)
•
•
•
•
Historical
Descriptive
Developmental
Case and Field
• Correlational
• Causal-Comparative
(“ex post facto”)
• True Experimental
• Quasi-Experimental
• Action Research
7
Core Design Structure
Question  Object  Method
 Data  Analysis  Conclusions
8
Choosing a Method
9
Types of Research
10
----- Break -----
Sample Projects
• Quantitative Projects
• Qualitative Projects
• Action Research Projects
12
Workshopping
• Facilitated Group Consultation
• Suggested Structure:
– Core concepts first
– Divide time for each participant
• Status report on project
• Group problem-solving
• Collective Resource Generation
13
----- LUNCH -----
FAQs for BAMG430 Students
• Here they come!
15
How Do I Write A Concept Paper?
• The concept paper is just a proposal for
your project.
– Use Spickard’s handout “What Is a Concept
Paper?”
• (Creative Commons license; free to distribute)
– Follow the outline of the Six Key Topics
handout
• Topic, Question, Design, Object, Site, Method.
16
How Do I Do This In Eight Weeks?
• Select the topic before selecting the question.
– If you choose the question first, then you open up an
unmanageable set of possible research topics.
• Choose the topic by starting with a chapter and
a heading within a chapter of one of your
previous textbooks.
– The research questions will arise out of your topic as
you apply it to a specific site
– This could be a team, a company, a nonprofit, or an
entire industry.
•
17
How Do I Start My Literature Review?
• Once you have your topic, you can look for the footnotes
and references in the chapter or article you used in your
prior class.
• Track down every article in the footnotes and review the
references in those.
• Use these sources as the backbone of your literature
review by looking at the key words linked to those
articles.
• Your instructor and the reference librarians at Armacost
Library can help you expand from there.
18
I Want To Use This Survey.
Is That OK?
• Many beginning researchers want to start with a method
such as a survey and work backwards.
– While this might be possible, it is unlikely to work out well.
• Choose the method last!
– See Spickard’s handout “How to Choose a Research Method”
• Identify the “object” of your research
– See Spickard’s “Six Key Concepts” handout
– You cannot choose the right methods unless you know what the
“object” of your research will be and design a strategy to get
there.
•
19
I Work In _____ Industry.
What Topic Should I Choose?
• Your topic is driven by the books and articles
which are about specific management and
business functions, not a particular industry.
• Some topics apply more to certain industries or
functions than they do to others.
• You are asking a deeper question, however:
Do you want to study an entire
industry, a company, or a team?
20
Do You Want To Study An Entire Industry,
A Company, Or A Team?
(continued)
• That choice is called “level of analysis.”
• If you choose a topic from economics, it is more
likely that your unit of analysis will be at the
industry level.
• If your topic is about personal motivation, your
level of analysis will be much smaller, such as
the individual or the team.
21
What is the Institutional Review Board?
• To protect human research subjects, the University has
a protocol for which projects must be reviewed by a
faculty committee
– It is a Federal requirement that you get IRB approval for
research.
– You can (and should) take online training as part of your
application.
• The Institutional Review Board ensures that researchers
do not violate ethical standards that could jeopardize the
people you are investigating.
• See IRB FAQs.pdf
22
What Kinds of Review Are There?
• The IRB will determine whether research
is:
– Exempt from IRB supervision
– Requiring only expedited review
– Requiring full review and supervision
23
What Kinds of Projects are Exempt?*
• Research conducted in established or commonly
accepted educational settings, involving normal
educational practices, such as:
– research on regular and special education instructional
strategies, or
– research on the effectiveness of or the comparison among
instructional techniques, curricula, classroom management
methods.
*OPRR
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Reports: Protection of Human Subjects (Title 45; Code of Federal Regulations, Part 46).
More Exemptions
• Research involving the use of educational tests
(cognitive, diagnostic, aptitude, achievement), survey
procedures, or observation of public behavior, unless
– (i) information obtained is recorded in such a manner that human
subjects can be identified, directly or through identifies linked to
the subjects; AND
– (ii) any disclosure of the human subjects’ responses outside the
research could reasonably place the subjects at risk of criminal
or civil liability or be damaging to the subjects’ financial standing,
employability, or reputation.
• Research on political candidates is not exempt.
• Research on federally protected privacy classes is not
exempt.
25
Still More Exemptions
• Research involving the collection or study of existing
data, documents, records, pathological specimens, or
diagnostic specimens,
– if these sources are publicly available
– or if the information is recorded by the investigator in such a
manner that subjects cannot be identified, directly or through
identifiers linked to the subjects.
• Research approved by Department Heads of Federal
Agencies, to examine matters of public policy
26
What Kinds of Projects Can Be
Expedited?
• Research on individual or group characteristics or
behavior :
– including, but not limited to, research on perception, cognition,
motivation, identity, language, communication, cultural beliefs or
practices, and social behavior
– or research employing survey, interview, oral history, focus
group, program evaluation, human factors evaluation, or quality
assurance methodologies.
• Collection of data from voice, video, digital, or image
recordings
– Either those made for research purposes
– Or those collected for non-research purposes
27
What Kinds of Projects Require Full
IRB Review?
• Studies using vulnerable populations
• Studies taking place internationally (particularly those
with little or no provisions for protection of human
subjects)
• Studies where information may be disclosed that could
require mandatory legal reporting (e.g., child/elder
abuse, drugs, etc.)
• Studies involving deception which raises the risk level of
the subjects
28
What is NOT Covered by the IRB
Rules? – 1
• If it’s not “Research”
– "a systematic investigation, including development, testing, and
evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable
knowledge“
– “research" generally does NOT include
• operational activities, such as
– practice activities in medicine, psychology, social work, and public
health
• studies for internal management purposes such as
– program evaluation, quality assurance, quality improvement, fiscal or
program audits, marketing studies, or contracted-for services.
• journalism or political polls.
• Unless: there is a clear intent to contribute to
generalizable knowledge.
29
What is NOT Covered by the IRB
Rules? – 2
• If it doesn’t involve “Human Subjects”
– "a living individual about whom an investigator conducting
research obtains (1) data through intervention or interaction with
the individual, or (2) identifiable private information.“
• Observational studies of public behavior do not involve
human subjects (as defined)
– When there is no intervention or interaction with the subjects and
the behavior is not private
• including television and internet chat rooms
– Also, studies based on data collected for non-research purposes
may not constitute human subjects research if individual
identities are not available
• e.g. programmatic data such as service statistics, school
attendance data, crime statistics, or election returns
30
For More IRB Information
• Go My Redlands – Student – Student Resources –
Institutional Review Board – Forms and click “Guidelines
and Applications” in the box on the left.
• Consult “IRB FAQ.pdf”
31
Who Will Do My Quantitative Analysis?
• Contact your statistics instructor:
– Direct aid
– Advice
• Use simple stats features of Excel.
32
I Don’t Have Access To My Employer and
Can’t Get Data There.
What Can I Do?
• Team up with another member of the
class.
• Work with your instructor who may have
access to a research site.
33
How Many Subjects Should
I Have In My Study?
• For statistical research, larger sample sizes result in
more certainty about the results.
– It is not the goal of this course to have you conduct a large scale
survey.
– You can always survey all (or most of) a small population
– At worst, a group of 20-30 subjects will work
• Conclusions are not valid outside the group studied
• You will be limited by time, so you will want to choose them wisely.
• For qualitative research, the key is to “saturate” the data
by interviewing until you get no more new information to
analyze.
– See Spickard’s “How Many Subjects?” handout.
34
Resources for You
• “Suggested Readings on Social Research”
• Handouts and Other Materials posted on
Blackboard
• Access to each of us:
– [email protected]
– [email protected]
• Library Guide at Armacost Library(forthcoming)
35
What Else Do You Need To
Know?