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Gyermekszegénység és gyermekjólét Magyarországon és az Eu-ban
EU-képviselet, Budapest
2010. június 16.
Child poverty and child well-being in the
European Union
– determinats and policy practices –
András Gábos
TÁRKI Social Research Institute
Main tasks carried out within the project
Task 1. „An in-depth empirical analysis of child poverty and the related key
challenges for each Member State, starting from the analytical framework
developed up by the EU Task-Force report.”
Task 2. „An assessment of the effectiveness of policies for combating child poverty
and promoting social inclusion among children and the identification of policy
mixes that seem to be most effective in tackling the specific factors underlying
child poverty.”
Task 3. Recommendations for a limited set of child well-being indicators
How to take use of the portfolio of
child well-being indicators?
An example: international benchmarking and key challenges for
each Member State to assist national policy practices
Aim: to assess the performance of countries in the field of child
poverty relative to (EU Task-Force 2008)
the national average/adult population
the EU-average
Tools: main indicators of material well-being: income poverty and
labour market attachment
Four dimensions
Child poverty risk outcomes
Joblessness
In-work poverty
Impact of social transfers
Child poverty outcomes
Indicators included in this task:
at-risk-of-poverty rate
relative median poverty gap
both based on EU-SILC
z-scores based on
the difference between the national figure
for children and the overall national figure
the difference between the national figure
and the EU average for children
z-scores added together, without weighting
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
FI
Six clusters
maximise the “steps” between the groups
to minimise the variations within the groups
to
Performance
+++ highest performance
- - - lowest performance
CY
DK
SE
SI
DE
FR
NL
BE
AT
IE
EE
CZ
LV
HU
SK
LU
UK
PT
ES
EL
LT
IT
PL
Good performers: Northern countries,
CY, SI, DE, FR
Bad outcomes: Southern countries,
PL, LT
Hungary: somewhat below average
Joblessness
Input indicators:
share of children in jobless households
based on EU-LFS
z-scores based on
the difference between the national figure
for children and the overall national figure
the difference between the national figure
for children and the EU average for children
7
5
3
1
-1
-3
z-scores added together, without weighting
-5
SI
Six clusters
maximise the “steps” between the groups
to minimise the variations within the groups
to
Performance
+++ highest performance
- - - lowest performance
FI
EL
LU
IT
DK
SE
CY
AT
ES
PT
NL
PL
FR
EE
DE
CZ
LT
LV
BE
SK
IE
HU
UK
Good performers: Northern countries,
SI, EL, LU, IT, CY, AT
Bad outcomes: UK, HU, IE
In-work poverty
Input indicators:
in-work poverty: at-risk-of-poverty rate for
those living in hhs with WI>=0.50,
based on EU-SILC
z-scores based on
the difference between the national figure
for children and the overall national figure
the difference between the national figure
for children and the EU average for children
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
z-scores added together, without weighting
-5
DE
Six clusters
maximise the “steps” between the groups
to minimise the variations within the groups
to
Performance
+++ highest performance
- - - lowest performance
SE
BE
DK
FI
SI
FR
CZ
IE
CY
AT
HU
UK
NL
EE
SK
LV
PT
LT
LU
EL
PL
Good performers: IE, SE, BE, DK
Bad outcomes: Southern countries,
PL, LU, LT
Hungary: somewhat above average
IT
ES
Impact of social transfers
Input indicators:
at-risk-of poverty rate after and before social
tranfers (excl. pensions),
poverty reduction effect of transfers
based on EU-SILC
z-scores based on
the difference between the national figure
for children and the EU average for children
z-scores added together, without weighting
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
-0.5
-1.0
-1.5
-2.0
FI
Six clusters
maximise the “steps” between the groups
to minimise the variations within the groups
to
Performance
+++ highest performance
- - - lowest performance
SE
DK
AT
HU
SI
FR
DE
IE
CZ
BE
NL
UK
LU
CY
SK
EE
LV
PL
LT
PT
IT
ES
EL
Good performers: Northern countries,
AT, HU, SI, FR, DE
Bad outcomes: Southern countries,
LT
Relative outcomes of countries related to
child poverty risk and main determinants
Group A: good performers in all dimensions
Group A
In-work
poverty
Impact of
social
transfers
Child poverty risk
outcomes
Joblessness
FI
+++
+++
++
+++
CY
+++
++
++
–
DK
++
++
+++
++
SI
++
+++
++
++
SE
++
++
+++
+++
FR
++
+
++
++
NL
+
+
+
+
AT
+
++
+
++
Dtereminants and policies in place in Group
A countries
Adequate income support
DK, SE, FI: high level of universal income support and extensive support for
parents to enter/re-enter employment
Slovenia: high level of support targeted on low-income families in SI
Income support narrowly targeted, focus on maternity benefits in France
High levels of economic activity and employment generally – high share
of dual earner families in most countries
The Netherlands: the second earner being in part-time job is predominant
Austria: the single earner model is dominant, high earnings and income
support compensating for the lack of a second earner; the model featuring
one full-time earner and a part-time earner is also considerable
Extensive and affordable childcare provision
Cyprus: informal childcare arrangements
Relative outcomes of countries related to
child poverty risk and main determinants
Group B: joblessness is key challenge
Group B
In-work
poverty
Impact of
social
transfers
Child poverty risk
outcomes
Joblessness
DE
++
–
+++
++
BE
+
–
+++
+
SK
–
–
+
–
EE
–
–
+
–
CZ
–
–
++
+
IE
–
––
++
+
HU
–
––
+
++
UK
–
–––
+
+
Determinants and policies in place in Group
B countries
Large number of children living with lone parents (BE, DE, EE, IE, UK)
Children with migrant background are at high risk and count for a large
share of those at risk of poverty in most of these countries
Relatively effective income support
Inadequate childcare provision – limited in number of place, opening
hours and affordability
Low level of support to help women with children into employment
Inflexible working hours
Determinants and policies in place in
Hungary
Key challenge: large number of children in jobless and low work
intensity households
Main charecteristics of the poverty profile:
large families (two parents with 3+ children) are affected most
the role of education is very strong
the settlement gradient exists
important regional inequalities
strong effect of the ethnic background
Income supports are effective in a cross-EU comparison
There are important obstacles for parents to enter the labour market:
high costs od searching jobs, regionally inequal demand, the lack of
adequate human capital, inadequate childcare opportunities, countreincentive effect of income supports
Relative outcomes of countries related to
child poverty risk and main determinants
Group C: relatively bad performance in all dimensions
Group D: in-work poverty is key challenge
Group C
Group D
In-work
poverty
Impact of
social
transfers
Child poverty risk
outcomes
Joblessness
LV
–
–
–
–
LT
––
–
–
––
PT
–
+
–
––
LU
–
+++
––
–
EL
––
+++
––
–––
PL
–––
+
––
–
ES
––
+
–––
–––
IT
–––
++
–––
––
Determinants and policies in place in Group
D countries
Low levels of income support, especially for older children
Support narrowly targeted – in PL on very poorest or lone parents (6%
of children), in EL on large families (10%)
Lack of childcare provision
Traditional reliance on extended family for childcare in IT, ES+EL
Employment rates low generally and support policies limited; fixed term
jobs common except in IT
No minimum wages in EL or IT and set at low level in PL
But in ES especially, signs of change – reduction in fixed-term jobs, rise
in minimum wages, new child tax allowances