Transcript 1. Making Oil Useful

How was crude oil made?
Crude oil is thought to have been
made from the remains of marine
plants and animals that died
millions of years ago.
These remains sank to the
bottom of the sea, where they
were buried in layers of sand and
mud, preventing them from rotting. These
layers gradually became sedimentary rock.
Over millions of years the layers of rock built up, increasing
the heat and pressure. This caused the remains to be broken
down into the molecules that form crude oil and natural gas.
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Hydrocarbons in crude oil
Many compounds in crude oil only contain the elements
carbon and hydrogen. They are called hydrocarbons.
Most hydrocarbons in crude oil are compounds called
alkanes. Alkanes contain a single chain of carbon atoms
with hydrogen atoms bonded along the side.
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Where in the world is crude oil?
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What is fractional distillation?
Fractional distillation is a process used to separate a
mixture of liquids that have different boiling points.
When the mixture is heated, liquids with a low
boiling point evaporate and turn to vapour.
Liquids with a higher boiling point remain
as liquid. The vapour can then be
separated from the liquid.
Fractional distillation is used to separate
crude oil into fractions with different
boiling points. It can be done industrially
and in the laboratory.
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How does fractional distillation work?
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Order of fractions
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Catalytic cracking in the lab
Catalytic cracking can be done in the laboratory by heating
mineral wool soaked in oil with a catalyst, producing a gas.
aluminium
oxide catalyst
gaseous product
mineral wool
soaked in oil
What might this gas be?
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True or false?
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Anagrams
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The stages of fractional distillation
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Multiple-choice quiz
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Why is the atmosphere important?
The Earth is different to the
other planets in our solar
system because it has an
atmosphere that can
support life.
The atmosphere is an
envelope of different gases
(air) surrounding Earth.
80% of atmospheric gases
are in the 15 km closest to
Earth. This is a very thin
layer compared to the
Earth’s diameter, which is
12,756 kilometres.
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What is the atmosphere made of?
The gases that make up the atmosphere are present in the
following amounts:
the remaining 1% is
mostly argon (0.93%)
about 21%
with some carbon
is oxygen
dioxide (0.035%),
varying amounts of
water vapour and
trace amounts
of other gases
about 78%
is nitrogen
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The history of the atmosphere
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Evolving atmosphere
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What causes air pollution?
The most common pollutants found in air are:
carbon dioxide (CO2)
sulfur dioxide (SO2)
carbon particulates
nitrogen monoxide (NO)
carbon monoxide (CO)
nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
How are these molecules produced and how do they
affect the environment?
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Causes and effects of acid rain
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Air pollution activity
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Anagrams
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Multiple-choice quiz
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The greenhouse effect
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Greenhouse gases
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Data from ice cores
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How is the climate modelled?
There are many factors that can affect the climate. All these
interactions need to be included in climate models.
radiation
from the
Earth
radiation
from the
Sun
volcanoes
atmosphere
precipitation
ice on
land
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evaporation
transpiration
ice in the sea
seas and
oceans
land
rivers and
lakes
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