Transcript PHONOLOGY - Linguistics at UP

Morphology
The Sound Patterns of Language
BASIC CONCEPTS
free
compounding
morphemes
bound affix clipping derivation
allomorph suppletion prefix
root
partial reduplication
blending
backformation inflection morph
head
simple words
acronyms
infix
word structure
complex words
near minimal pairs
syllable full reduplication allophones
Words and Morphemes

Word



Morpheme



simple
complex
free, bound
lexical, grammatical
Morph
Exercise: i) For each word, determine whether it is simple or
complex. ii) Circle all of the bound morphemes. Underline all of
the roots.
a) fly
b) desks
c) untie
d) tree
e) dislike
f) reuse
g) triumphed
h) delight
i) justly
j) payment
k) spiteful
l) suite
m) fastest
n) deform
o) disobey
p) preplan
q) optionality
r) prettier
s) mistreat
t) premature
Morphological Processes
Affixation
 Cliticization
 Internal Change
 Suppletion
 Stress and tone
replacement
 Reduplication
 Compounding

Conversion
 Clipping
 Blends
 Backformation
 Acronyms
 Onomatopoeia
 Word Manufacture
 Eponym

Identify the morphological process involved
in the creation of the words below.
preempt
2. streetlight
3. sang
4. flu
5. Interpol
6. CIA
7. they’ve finished
8. best
9. scuba
10. Kodak
1.
progress
12. comb
13. whoosh
14. resurrect
15. sandwich
16. bike
11.
Derivation

an affixational process that forms a word
with a meaning and/or category distinct
from that of its base
N
V
Af
sell
er
Exercise: Draw a tree structure for each
item.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
discoverability
unproductive
derivational
spoonfeeding
underestimated
truthfulness
unhealthy
mismanagement
anti-modernization
unzippable
Compounding

Head
Endocentric
 Exocentric

Morphological Analysis

Identifying morphemes



Isolate and compare forms that are partially
similar.
If a single phonetic form has two distinctive
meanings, it must be analyzed as representing
two different morphemes.
If the same meaning is associated with
different phonetic forms, these different forms
all represent the same phoneme.
Data 1 (Agta)
dakal ‘big’
darag ‘red’
furaw ‘white’
dumakal ‘grow big, grow up’
dumarag ‘redden’
fumuraw ‘become white’
a. List the morphemes in this data.
b. What morphological process is exhibited
above?
c. What does ‘um’ mean?
Solution for Data 1
1.
2.
3.
4.
W  Adj + Af
Af  um
Adj  dakal, darag, furaw
Tob infixation
X (C1)V1(C)V + Af  X (C1)um V1
Data 2 (Paku)
me ‘I’
 ye ‘you (sg.)’
 we ‘he’
 wa ‘she’
 abuma ‘girl’
 adusa ‘boy’
 abu ‘child’
 Paku ‘one Paku’

meni ‘we’
yeni ‘you (pl.)’
weni ‘they (masculine)’
wani ‘they (feminine)’
abumani ‘girls’
adusani ‘boys’
abuni ‘children’
Pakuni ‘more than one Paku’
Solution for Data 2
W  N + Af
 Af  ni
 N  me, ye, we, wa, abuma, adusa, abu,
Paku
 Tob suffixation

Data 3 (English)







a.
b.
ugly, uglier, ugliest
pretty, prettier, prettiest
tall, taller, tallest
sad, sadder, saddest
long, longer, longest
big, bigger, biggest
short, shorter, shortest
What are the conditioning environments for the
allomorphs of comparative and superlative form?
Provide a solution for this data. Include rules to
specify the occurrence of the allomorphs.
Assignment
Data 1. Examine the following words from
Michoacan Aztec.
nokali ‘my house’
nokalimes ‘my houses’
mokali ‘your house’
ikali ‘his house’
kalimes ‘houses’
mopelo ‘your dog’
mopelomes ‘your dogs’
ipelo ‘his dog’
nokwahmili ‘my cornfield’
mokwahmili ‘your cornfield’
ikwahmili ‘his cornfield’
a. The morpheme meaning ‘house’ is:
(1) kal
(2) kali
(3) kalim
(4) ikal
b. The word meaning ‘cornfields’ is:
(1) kwahmilimes (2) nokwahmilimes (3) nokwahmili (4) kwahmili
(5) ikwahmilimes
c. The word meaning ‘his dogs’ is:
(1) pelos (2) ipelomes (3) ipelos (4) mopelo (5) pelomes
d. If the word meaning ‘friend’ is mahkwa, then the word meaning ‘my
friends’ is:
(1) momahkwa (2) imahkwas (3) momahkwames (4) momahkwaes
(5) nomahkwames
e. The word meaning ‘dog’ is:
(1) pelo (2) perro (3) peli (4) pel (5) mopel
(5) ka
Data 2. The following examples from Samoan illustrate
reduplication.
manao ‘he wishes’
matua ‘he is old’
malosi ‘he is strong’
punou ‘he bends’
atamaki ‘he is wise’
savali ‘he travels’
laga ‘he weaves’
mananao
matutua
malolosi
punonou
atamamaki
pepese
‘they
‘they
‘they
‘they
‘they
‘they
wish’
are old’
are strong’
bend’
are wise’
sing’
a. What is the Samoan for:
(1) they weave
(2) they travel
(3) he sings
b. Formulate a general statement (a
morphological rule) that states how to
form the plural verb from the singular
verb.
Data 3. Tagalog
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
bili ‘buy’
inom ‘drink’
sulat ‘write’
layas ‘leave’
kain ‘eat’
ibig ‘love’
pasok ‘enter’
1a.
2a.
3a.
4a.
5a.
6a.
7a.
bibili ‘will buy’
iinom ‘will drink’
susulat ‘will write’
lalayas ‘will leave’
kakain ‘will eat’
iibig ‘will love’
papasok ‘will enter’
Write a solution to account for the morphological
change in this data.