Transcript Document
Electronic Transport and Quantum Phase Transitions of Quantum Dots in Kondo Regime Chung-Hou Chung
1.
Institut für Theorie der Kondensierten Materie Universität Karlsruhe, Karlsruhe, Germany 2. Electrophysics Dept. National Chiao-Tung University, HsinChu, Taiwan, R.O.C
.
Collaborators:
Walter Hofstetter (Frankfurt), Gergely Zarand (Budapest), Peter Woelfle (TKM, Karlsruhe)
Acknowledgement:
Michael Sindel, Matthias Vojta
NTHU, May 8, 2007
Outline
•
Introduction
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Electronic transport and quantum phase transitions in coupled quantum dots:
Model (I): parallel coupled quantum dots, 2-channel Kondo, non-trivial quantum critical point Model (II): side-coupled quantum dots, 1-channel Kondo, Kosterlitz-Thouless quantum transition
•
Conclusions and Outlook
Kondo effect in quantum dot
Coulomb blockade
e
d +U Single quantum dot Goldhaber-Gorden et al. nature 391 156 (1998)
e
d V SD V g Kondo effect conductance anomalies L.Kouwenhoven et al. science 289, 2105 (2000) odd even Glazman et al. Physics world 2001
Kondo effect in metals with magnetic impurities
(Kondo, 1964)
logT
electron-impurity scattering via spin exchange coupling (Glazman et al. Physics world 2001) At low T, spin-flip scattering off impurities enhances Ground state is spin-singlet Resistance increases as T is lowered
Kondo effect in quantum dot
(J. von Delft)
Kondo effect in quantum dot
Kondo effect in quantum dot Anderson Model
e
d
∝
V g
level width : All tunable!
Γ = 2πV
2 ρ d
New energy scale
:
T k ≈ Dexp
(
-
p
U
/ G
) For T
<
T k :
Impurity spin is screened (Kondo screening) Spin-singlet ground state Local density of states developes Kondo resonance
Kondo Resonance of a single quantum dot
Spectral density at T=0 M. Sindel Universal scaling of T/T
k
L. Kouwenhoven et al. science 2000 particle-hole symmetry phase shift Fredel sum rule P-H symmetry
= p
/2
Interesting topics/questions V
•
Non-equilibrium Kondo effect
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Kondo effect in carbon nanotubes
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Double quantum dots / Multi-level quantum dot: Singlet-triplet Kondo effect and Quantum phase transitions V 1 t 2 V
Quantum phase transitions Non-analyticity in ground state properties as a function of some control parameter g True level crossing: Usually a first-order transition Avoided level crossing which becomes sharp in the infinite volume limit: Second-order transition
T
Sachdev, quantum phase transitions, Cambridge Univ. press, 1999 g
g
c
•
Critical point is a novel state of matter
•
Critical excitations control dynamics in the wide quantum-critical region at non-zero temperatures
•
Quantum critical region exhibits universal power-law behaviors
Recent experiments on coupled quantum dots
(I). C.M. Macrus et al. Science, 304, 565 (2004)
•
Two quantum dots coupled through an open conducting region which mediates an antiferromagnetic spin-spin coupling
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For odd number of electrons on both dots, splitting of zero bias Kondo resonance is observed for strong spin exchange coupling.
(II). Von der Zant et al. cond-mat/0508395, (PRL, 2005)
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A quantum dot coupled to magnetic impurities in the leads
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Antiferromagnetic spin coupling between impurity and dot suppresses Kondo effect
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Kondo peak restored at finite temperatures and magnetic fields
Coupled quantum dots
Model system (I): 2-channel parallel coupled quantum dots C.H. C and W. Hofstetter, cond-mat/0607772 L 1 R 1 L 2 R 2 G. Zarand, C.H. C, P. Simon, M. Vojta, cond-mat/0607255 Model system (II): 1-channel side-coupled quantum dots
Numerical Renormalization Group (NRG) K.G. Wilson, Rev. Mod. Phys. 47, 773 (1975) W. Hofstetter, Advances in solid state physics 41, 27 (2001)
Non-perturbative numerical method by Wilson to treat quantum impurity problem
Logarithmic discretization of the conduction band
Anderson impurity model is mapped onto a linear chain of fermions
Iteratively diagonalize the chain and keep low energy levels
Transport properties
•
Current through the quantum dots:
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Transmission coefficient:
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Linear conductance :
Model System (I)
triplet states Izumida and Sakai PRL 87, 216803 (2001) Vavilov and Glazman PRL 94, 086805 (2005) Simon et al. cond-mat/0404540 Hofstetter and Schoeller, PRL 88, 061803 (2002) L 1 R 1 L 2 R 2 singlet state
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Two quantum dots (1 and 2) couple to two-channel leads
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Antiferrimagnetic exchange interaction J, Magnetic field B
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2-channel Kondo physics, complete Kondo screening for B = J = 0
L 1 L 2 R 1 2-impurity Kondo problem R 2 even 1 (L1+R1) even 2 (L2+R2) T Non-fermi liquid Kondo
Jc
Quantum phase transition as J is tuned For V1 = V2 and with p-h symmetry J c = 2.2 T k Jump of phase shift at Jc J < Jc,
d
=
p
/2 ; J >J C ,
d = 0
Specific heat coefficient
J-J
c -2 1 2 Spin-singlet J Affleck et al. PRB 52, 9528 (1995) Jones and Varma, PRL 58, 843 (1989) Jones and Varma, PRB 40, 324 (1989) Sakai et al. J. Phys. Soc. Japan 61, 7, 2333 (1992); ibdb. 61, 7, 2348 (1992)
NRG Flow of the lowest energy Phase shift
d
J
d p/2
Kondo
0 J c
Spin-singlet
J
Two stable fixed points (Kondo and spin-singlet phases ) One unstable fixed point (critical fixed point) Jc, controlling the quantum phase transition Jump of phase shift in both channels at Jc Crossover energy scale T*
J-J
c
n
Quantum phase transition of Model System (I)
•
J < J c , transport properties reach unitary limit: T(
= 0) 2, G(T = 0) 2G 0 where G 0 = 2e 2 /h.
•
J > J c spins of two dots form singlet ground state, T(
= 0) 0, G(T = 0) 0; and Kondo peak splits up.
•
Quantum phase transition between Kondo (small J) and spin singlet (large J) phase.
Restoring of Kondo resonance Singlet-triplet crossover at finite temperatures T NRG Result Experiment by von der Zant et al. T=0.003
T=0.004
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At T= 0, Kondo peak splits up due to large J.
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Low energy spectral density increases as temperature increases
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Kondo resonance reappears when T is of order of J
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Kondo peak decreases again when T is increased further.
Singlet-triplet crossover at finite magnetic fields Jc=0.00042
T k =0.0002
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At T = B = 0, Kondo peak splits up due to large J.
•
T = 0 singlet-triplet crossover at finite magnetic fields.
•
Splitting of Kondo peaks gets smaller as B increases.
•
B J, Kondo resonance restored, T(
= 0) 1 reaches unitary limit of a single-channel S = ½ Kondo effect.
•
B > J, Kondo peak splits again.
•
B J, T(
) shows 4 peaks in pairs around
= (B J).
Effective S=1/2 Kondo effect Glazman et al. PRB 64, 045328 (2001) Hofstetter and Zarand PRB 69, 235301 (2002)
Singlet-triplet crossover at finite field and temperature J=0.007, Jc=0.005, Tk=0.0025, T=0.00001, in step of 400 B J=-0.005, Tk=0.0025
B in Step of 0.001
NRG: P-h symmetry Antiferromagnetic J>0 J close to Jc, smooth crossover J >> Jc, sharper crossover EXP: P-h asymmetry Ferromagnetic J<0 splitting of Kondo peak due to Zeemann splitting of up and down spins splitting is linearly proportional to B
Model System (II) even V 1 J 2 Vojta, Bulla, and Hofstetter, PRB 65, 140405, (2002) Cornaglia and Grempel, PRB 71, 075305, (2005)
•
Two coupled quantum dots, only dot 1 couples to single-channel leads
•
Antiferrimagnetic exchange interaction J
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1-channel Kondo physics, dot 2 is Kondo screened for any J > 0.
•
Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, Jc = 0
Anderson's poor man scaling and T k H Anderson
•
Reducing bandwidth by integrating out high energy modes Anderson 1964 J J J J
•
Obtaining equivalent model with effective couplings
•
Scaling equation
< Tk, J diverges, Kondo screening J
0
1 st stage Kondo screening 2 stage Kondo effect 2nd stage Kondo screening J k
: Kondo coupling
J k 4V 2 /U D
r
c
T
k 1/
G J: AF coupling btw dot 1 and 2
dip in DOS of dot 1
NRG:Spectral density of Model (II) Log (T*) U=1
e
d =-0.5
G
=0.1
T k =0.006
L=2
1/J
Kosterlitz-Thouless quantum transition J 0
Kondo spin-singlet No 3 rd unstable fixed point corresponding to the critical point Crossover energy scale T* exponentially depends on |J-Jc|
Dip in DOS of dot 1: Perturbation theory J = 0 d 1
n < T k J > 0 but weak self-energy vertex sum over leading logarithmic corrections
1 2
when
Dip in DOS of dot 1
Dip in DOS: perturbation theory U=1,
e
d=-0.5,
G= 0.1, L=2,
J=0.0006, Tk=0.006, T*=1.6x10
-6 Tk
•
Excellence agreement between Perturbation theory (PT) and NRG for T* <<
<< T k
•
PT breaks down for
T*
•
Deviation at larger
> O(T k ) due to interaction U
More general model of 1-channel 2-stage Kondo effect Vojta, Bulla, and Hofstetter, PRB 65, 140405, (2002) J k1 J k2 1
I
Two-impurity, S=1, underscreened Kondo 2 J k1 1 J 2 ( J k2 = 0 ) I < Ic: T
c
imp = 1/4 residual spin-1/2 I > Ic: T
c
imp = 0 spin-singlet Ic ~ J k1 J k2 D
Optical conductivity J Dot 2 1 Sindel, Hofstetter, von Delft, Kindermann, PRL 94, 196602 (2005) ‘ Linear AC conductivity ‘ U=1
e
d =-0.5
G
=0.1
T k =0.006
L=2
Comparison between two models Model (I) 2 impurity, S=1, Two-channel Kondo Model (II) 2 impurity, S=1, One-channel Kondo L 1 R 1 L 2 R 2 even 2 (L2+R2) even 1 (L1+R1) complete Kondo screening quantum critical point
0
Kondo x Jc T*
J-J
c
n
spin-singlet J J k J 1 J k1 1
J
J k2 2 underscreened Kondo K-T transition
0
Kondo J spin-singlet 2
Conclusions
•
Coupled quantum dots in Kondo regime exhibit quantum phase transition Model system (I): L 1 R 1
2-channel Kondo physics
L 2 R 2
Quantum phase transition between Kondo and spin-singlet phases Singlet-triplet crossover at finite field and temperatures, qualitatively agree with experiments
Model system (II):
1-channel Kondo physics, two-stage Kondo effect Kosterlitz-Thouless quantum transition, Provide analytical and numerical understanding of the transition •
Our results have applications in spintronics and quantum information
Outlook Quantum critical and crossover in transport properties near QCP
T
g
g c
Non-equilibrium transport in various coupled quantum dots V Quantum phase transition in quantum dots with dissipation Localized-Delocalized transition Quantum phase transition out of equilibrium
Quantum criticality in a double-quantum –dot system G. Zarand, C.H. C, P. Simon, M. Vojta, PRL, 97, 166802 (2006) _
G 1 _ G 2
K even 2 (L2+R2) even 1 (L1+R1) Affleck et al. PRB 52, 9528 (1995), Jones and Varma, PRL 58, 843 (1989) 2-impurity Kondo problem Quantum phase transition as K is tuned T Non-fermi liquid Kondo Spin-singlet K Quantum critical point (QCP) at Kc = 2.2 Tk
Kc
Broken P-H sym and parity sym.
QCP still survives as long as no direct hoping t=0 Hoping term t is the only relevant operator to suppress QCP
Quantum criticality in a double-quantum –dot system T 1= T k1, T 2= T k2 No direct hoping, t = 0 _
G 1
K
2
Asymmetric limit: QCP occurs when 2 channel Kondo System Goldhaber-Gordon et. al. PRL 90 136602 (2003) QC state in DQDs identical to 2CKondo state Particle-hole and parity symmetry are not required Critical point is destroyed by charge transfer btw channel 1 and 2
Transport of double-quantum-dot near QCP
No direct hoping, t=0
QCP survives without P-H and parity symmetry
Finite hoping t
QCP is destroyed, smooth crossover
<<
suppress hoping effect
observe QCP in QD Exp.
C.M. Macrus et al. Science, 304, 565 (2004)