Transcript Diapositiva 1 - Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare

Lino Miramonti
Milano University and INFN sez. Milano
LRT 2004 - Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques
(Sudbury, Canada)
December 12-14, 2004
1
2
LNGS - Laboratori Nazionali del
Gran Sasso, Italy
3
3 main halls
A B C 100 x 18 m2 (h.20 m)
Operating
Institution
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare
(INFN)
Location
Gran Sasso Tunnel (Abruzzi, Italy)
Excavation
1987
Underground
area
3 halls A B C (100m x 18m x 20m)
+ service tunnels
Depth
1400 m (3800 mwe)
Total volume
180000 m3
Surface
> 6000 m2
Permanent staff
66 (physicists, technicians,
administration)
Scientists users
450
4
Muon Flux
1.1 μ m-2 h-1
Low-level radioactivity measurements issues:
Neutron Flux
1.08 10-6 n cm-2 s-1
(0-0.05 eV)
1.84 10-6 n cm-2 s-1
(0.05 eV- 1 keV)
0.54 10-6 n cm-2 s-1
(1 keV-2.5 MeV)
0.32 10-6 n cm-2 s-1
(> 2.5 MeV)
Material selection and sample measurements (HPGe)
 Background
characterization of halls A,B,C with
portable HPGe detector (Gamma spectrometry and directional
Primordial Radionuclides
238U
232Th
K
photon flux)
6.8 ppm
Rock
(Hall A)
0.42 ppm
Rock
(Hall B)
0.66 ppm
Rock
(Hall C)
 Radiocarbon
1.05 ppm
Concrete
All Halls
Laboratory)
2.167 ppm
Rock
(Hall A)
0.062 ppm
Rock
(Hall B)
 Radon
0.066 ppm
Rock
(Hall C)
0.656 ppm
Concrete
All Halls
160 ppm
Rock
and tritium measurements (Radiodating
groundwater monitoring (Environmental and
geophysical monitoring of the Gran Sasso aquifer)
 Development
and characterization of new detectors
(for nuclear spectrometry of environmental radioactivity)
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LABORATORY FOR LOW-LEVEL RADIOACTIVITY MEASUREMENTS
Present: 32 m2 on one floor in service tunnel
Future: 60 m2 distributed on three floors in hall A
total and peak background count rate [d-1 kg-1Ge]
Normalised counting rate [counts d
-1
-1
-1
keV kg Ge ]
detector
1,E+03
40-2700 keV
352 keV
583 keV
1461 keV
GeBer
3686
3.3
1.5
4.6
GeMi
611
5.6
2.1
5.2
GePV
482
2.8
2.1
3.2
GsOr
469
2.4
0.76
4.3
GePaolo
226
0.83
0.38
1.4
GeCris
87
<0.39
<0.29
1.0
GeMPI
30
<0.20
<0.15
0.36
HPGe Hall
(32 m2 floor)
1,E+02
1,E+01
1,E+00
above ground
LNGS
1,E-01
1,E-02
1,E-03
1,E-04
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Energy [keV]
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Completed experiments
Atm ν, Monopoles
Solar neutrinos
ββ
Dark Matter
MACRO
GALLEX / GNO
Heidelberg-Moscow
Mibeta
DAMA
(Streamer tubes + Liquid scintillators)
(~ 30 T Gallium radiochemical detector)
(~ 11 kg enriched 76Ge detectors)
(~ 7 kg Bolometers TeO2)
(~ 100 kg NaI detectors)
7
Running experiments
ββ
Dark Matter
Supernova neutrinos
Nuclear astrophysics
Cuoricino
CRESST
LIBRA
HDMS / Genius-TF
LVD
LUNA
(~ 41 kg TeO2 crystals)
(Sapphire cryodetector & CaWO4 crystals (phonons+scintillation))
(~ 250 kg NaI crystals)
(Ge detector 73Ge enriched)
(Streamer tubes + Liquid scintillator)
(Accelerator)
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Under construction
CERN-GS beam ν
Solar Neutrinos
OPERA
ICARUS
Borexino
(Emulsion)
(~ 600 T Liquid Argon)
(~ 300 T Liquid scintillator)
Planned & proposed
ββ
Nuclear astrophysics
Gravitational waves
Dark matter
CUORE
GERDA
LUNA-III
LISA R&D
Liquid Xe / Liquid Ar
(~ 750 kg Te02)
(76Ge)
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LSM - Laboratoire Souterrain
de Modane, France
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1 Main hall 30 x 10m2 (h 11m) + gamma spectr. hall (70 m2) + 2 secondary halls of 18 m2 and 21 m2
Operating
Institutions
CEA/DSM & CNRS/IN2P3
Location
Fréjus Tunnel (Italian-French
border)
Excavation
1983
Underground
area
1 main hall (30m x 10m x 11m) +
gamma spectroscopy hall (70 m 2)
+ 2 secondary halls of 18 m 2 and
21 m2
Depth
1700 m (4800 mwe)
Surface
> 400 m2
Permanent staff
4
Scientists users
100
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Muon Flux
0.17 μ m-2 h-1
Neutron Flux
13 HPGe from 6 different laboratoris of CNRS and CEA are available at LSM
1.6 10-6 n cm-2 s-1
(0-0.63 eV)
4 10-6 n cm-2 s-1
(2-6 MeV)
Primordial Radionuclides
238U
232Th
K
0.84 ppm
Rock
1.9 ppm
Concrete
2.45 ppm
Rock
1.4 ppm
Concrete
213 Bq/kg
Rock
77 Bq/kg
Concrete
•
Material selection for fundamental physics
•
Samples measurement for environmental control, earth science, archeology,
biology, dating measurement.
HPGe dedicated to Edelweiss exp.
background count rate [d-1 kg-1Ge]
212 ± 4 for E > 30 keV
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Completed experiments
p decay & Atm ν
ββ
Dark Matter
Frejus proton decay exp
NEMO-I
NEMO-II
TGV
EDELWEISS-I
(Fe and flash chamber).
(prototype NemoIII)
(prototype NemoIII)
(Stack of Ge detectors with sheets of DBD candidates)
(1 kg Ge bolometer heat+ionization)
Running experiments and Under construction
ββ
Dark Matter
NEMO-III
EDELWEISS-II
(Tracking + calorimeter)
(10 to 35 kg Ge heat+ioniz.)
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LSC - Laboratorio Subterraneo
de Canfranc, Spain
Tobazo's peak
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2 small halls [Lab1] 36 m2 + 1 Main hall [Lab3] 20 x 5 m2 (h 4.5 m)
Canfranc railway
tunnel entrance
Now used only to store materials
Operating
Institutions
Zaragoza University
Location
Railway tunnel of Somport (Canfranc,
Pyrenes) 7.5 km
Excavation
1986 [lab1] – 1994 [lab3]
Underground
area
2 small halls [lab1] + Main hall [lab3]
Depth
200 m (675 mwe) [lab1] – 900 m (2450
mwe) [lab3]
Surface
36 m2 [lab1] – 118 m2 [lab3]
Permanent staff
7
Scientists users
35
Mobile Lab (now dismounted)
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Muon Flux
7.2 μ m-2 h-1
Neutron Flux
3.82 10-6 n cm-2 s-1
[integrated]
(neutrons from radioactivity)
1.73 10-9 n cm-2 s-1
[integrated]
(muon-induced neutrons in rock)
Gamma Flux
2·10-2  cm-2 s-1
The AMBAR installation for measuring low contents of radioactive
contaminants in materials intended for low-background experiments
Low temperature installation
with the 2x2x3 m3 Faraday cage
located at Lab 3
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Completed & Running experiments
Under construction
ββ
Dark Matter
ββ
Dark Matter
IGEX-2β
(~ 9 kg enriched Ge detectors)
IGEX-DM
(~ 2 kg enriched Ge detectors)
COSME
(small Ge detectors)
NaI32 / ANAIS (NaI Crystals)
ROSEBUD
(Bolometers: Sapphire, Ge, BGO, CaW04)
GEDEON
ROSEBUD II
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The new Canfranc Underground Laboratory
Civil works for the construction of a new underground Laboratory are underway
ROAD
TUNNEL
Access
gallery
Ultra-Low
background
Facility
Main Hall
15 x 10 m
(h=8 m)
40 x 15 m
(h=11 m)
Characteristic of the
installations,
clean rooms
& offices
Old
Laboratoy
RAILWAY
TUNNEL
It should be finished next summer 2005
The first call for proposals will be announced soon
20 x 5 m
(h=4.5 m)
new LSC
Depth
900 m (2450 mwe)
Main
experimental
hall
600 m2 (oriented to CERN)
Low
background
lab
150 m2
Clean room
45 m2 (100/1000 type)
General
services
135 m2
Offices
80 m2
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IUS – Boulby Mine Laboratory, UK
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[Stub2] 300 m2 + [Stub2a] 150 m2 + [H area] + 900 m2 + [JIF area] 2500 m2
Operating
Institution
Institute for Underground Physics
University of Sheffield
Location
Potash mine, Boulby (UK)
Excavation
1988 (Stub 2) – 1995 (Stub 2a) – 1998 (H
area) – 2003 (JIF area)
Depth
850 m (2250 mwe) to 1300 m (3600 mwe)
Surface
3000 m2
Permanent staff
2
Scientists users
30
20
Muon Flux
Low background facility
1.5 μ m-2 h-1
(located in the Stub A of JIF area)
Neutron Flux
2.8 10-6 n cm-2 s-1
(> 100 keV)
1.3 10-6 n cm-2 s-1
(> 1 MeV)
238U
232Th
K
70 ppb
Rock
125 ppb
Rock
1130 ppm
Rock
0.5 T
swing crane
Primordial Radionuclides
Ultra Low HPGe - Development of the Ge facility at Boulby is
currently awaiting completion of the laboratory infrastructure.
The Boulby Mine facility hosts a 2 kg (400cc) Germanium
detector, used for material radiopurity measurements (20cm of
lead as outer shielding and 8 cm of copper as the inner shielding plus Radon steel
the setup will be sensitive to contamination of samples at
the level of 0.1- 0.2 ppb
box)
Ultra Low NaI - A NaI crystal from the NaIAD experiment will be
installed in the clean room low background facility for crude bulk
tests of activity (Pulse Shape Analysis).
Plan for
JIF Low Background
Lab (Stub A)
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Completed Experiments
Dark Matter NaIAD
ZEPLIN-I
(~ 50kg NaI array detector)
(~ 4 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector)
Running experiments
Dark Matter ZEPLIN-II
DRIFT
(~ 30 kg Liquid Xe scintil. Detector)
(Low pressure gaseous TPC)
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Integrated
Large
Infrastructures
for
Astroparticle
Science
ILIAS is an initiative supported by the
European Union (6th Framework Programme)
with the aim to support the European
large infrastructures operating in the
astroparticle physics sector.
France
Commissariat a l’Energie Atomique,
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
Italy
Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare,
Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie Trento,
European Gravitational Observatory
Germany
Max Planck Institut für Kernphysik, Technische
Universität München,
Max Planck Institut für Physik Muenchen, Eberhardt,
Karls Universität Tubingen
Spain
Zaragoza University
UK
Sheffield University,
Glasgow University,
London University
Czech Rep
Czech Technical Univ. in Prague
Denmark
University of Southern Denmark
Netherland
Leiden University
Finland
University of Jyväskylä
Slovakia
Comenius University Bratislavia
Greece
Aristot University of Thessaloniki
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The ILIAS project is based on 3 groups of activities:
Networking Activities
(N2) Deep Underground science laboratories
(N3) Direct dark matter detection
(N4) Search on double beta decay
(N5) Gravitational wave research
(N6) Theoretical astroparticle physics
Joint Research Activities (R&D Projects)
(JRA1) Low background techniques for Deep Underground Science
(JRA2) Double beta decay European observatory
(JRA3) Study of thermal noise reduction in gravitational wave detectors
Transnational Access Activities
(TA1) Access to the EU Deep Underground Laboratories
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JRA1 (Joint Research Activities 1):
Low background techniques for deep underground sciences (LBT-DUSL)
Objectives:
Background identification and measurement (intrinsic, induced, environmental)
Background rejection techniques (shielding, vetoes, discrimination)
Working packages
A vast R&D programme on the
improvement and implementation of
ultra-low background techniques
will be carried out cooperatively in the 4
European Underground Laboratories.
WP1:
Measurements of the backgrounds in the underground labs
WP2:
Implementation of background MC simulation codes
WP3:
Ultra-low background techniques and facilities
WP4:
Radiopurity of materials and purification techniques
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A fifth Underground Laboratory within ILIAS:
The
CUPP -
Centre for Underground Physics in Pyhäsalmi
The project to host an underground laboratory in the mine was
started in 1993, and the Centre for Underground Physics in
Pyhäsalmi (CUPP) was physically established in 2001.
A preliminary study, including some background
measurement and rock analysis has been made
The old part of the mine:
There will be plenty of free space
to host and storage experiments
238U
27.8 – 44.5 Bq/m3
232Th
4.0 - 18.7 Bq/m3
226Ra
9.9 – 26.0 Bq/m3
40K
267 – 625 Bq/m3
Rn
10 to 148 Bq/m3
The new mine started to operate in July 2001.
It extends to the depth of 1440 m (4000 mwe).
The largest cavern that can be easily constructed
is 100 x 15 x 20 m3.
An example of the layout
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SUL - Solotvina Underground Laboratory
It was constructed in 1984 by the Institute for
Nuclear Research (Ukrainian National Academy of
Sciences).
It is situated on the west of Ukraine, in Solotvina near
the border with Romania.
The principal scientific goal is the
search of double beta decay
1 Main hall 30 x 20 m2 (h 8 m) + 4 small halls 3 x 6 m2 (h 3 m)
Muon Flux
62 μ m-2 h-1
Neutron Flux
< 2.7 10-6 n cm-2 s-1
(integrated)
Primordial Radionuclides
Due to a low radioactive contamination of
salt, the natural gamma background in the
SUL is 10-100 times lower than in other
underground laboratories
27