Transcript Geen diatitel

E-PRTR
Session 4:
Monitoring/Measuring,
calculation and estimation of
emissions
PART 1 : INTRODUCTION
Iksan van der Putte
Accidents & chemicals
Minamata -MeHg
Bhopal- MIC
Seveso- TCP/Dioxins
Basel (Sandoz)- pesticides
US/Europe/World - DES
SO2, NOx,particulate matter
(PM10) – LCP Directive
World Health Organisation 2005
Increase in all-age daily
mortality rate: relation with
PM10?
Change in pulmonary
function:respiratory effectsasthmatic
World Health Organisation 2005
Reduced lung function
growth in children –
also related to other
combustion products ?
Direct effect
pulmonary function in
asthmatics
World Health Organisation 2005
Increase in daily
mortality
Total cardiopulmonary and lung
cancer mortality
2005 EC Environment Policy Review (COM (2006) 70)
Highlights
•Environmental pollution imposes great costs on Europe,
the majority from impacts on health.
New Findings
•Air pollution currently reduces the average life expectancy of
Europeans by 9 to 24 months.
EPER
PRTR
The European Pollutant Release and Transfer Register
(European PRTR) has been adopted on 18 January 2006
and laid down in Regulation (EC) No 166/2006.
The PRTR's first edition is expected to be published
in the autumn of 2009 and will include data for the
first reporting year 2007.
The European PRTR implements the UNECE PRTR
Protocol, which was signed in May 2003 in Kiev;
it further replaces the existing European Pollutant
Emission Register (EPER).
Example Bulgaria
Reporting Information Flow
Non IPPC
Ambient
Monitoring
EC
Commission
EEA
MOEW
ExEA
RIEW
Monitoring
EIONet
EC
EPER/PRTR
database
Art 15.3 IPPC
Art 16.1+3
Art 7 PRTR
Registration
Enterprise
RIEW
BEEA
annual report
Annual report
Annual report
(detailed)
(aggregated)
(aggregated)
Commission
IPPC review
RIEW: Regional Inspectorate for Environment and Water
MOEW: Ministry of Environment and Water
ExEA: Executive Environment Agency; EEA: European Environment Agency
What and how to report?
Reported releases and off-site transfers
are totals of releases and off-site transfers from all
•deliberate,
•accidental,
•routine and
•non-routine
activities at the site of the facility.
Measurement/calculation/estimation of releases
and off-site transfers
M
=
C
=
E
=
measured using standardised or
accepted methods (direct monitoring
results) CEN and ISO;
based on internationally accepted
calculation methods (using
activity data (fuel used, production
rate, etc.) and emission factors or
mass balances
(ETS/IPCC/CORINAIR);
based on non-standardised
estimations or expert guesses
M
=measured using standardised or
accepted methods coded with respective
CEN and ISO standards
C
=based on internationally accepted
calculation methods coded with
ETS (see Guidelines EU ETS)
IPCC (see IPCC Guidelines)
UNECE/EMEP (see EMEP/CORINAIR Guidebook
“equivalent methodologies”
to be coded as
PER: in permit prescribed M, C, E method
NRB: national or regional binding rule
ALT: alternative measurement methodology equivalent
to CEN/ISO
CRM:equivalent methodology by Certified Reference
Materials according to ISO 17025 and ISO guide 33
with acceptance by CA
MAB: mass balance methodology accepted by CA
SSC: A European wide sector specific calculation method
delivered to EC, EEA and relevant int. organisations
The Importance of Monitoring
E-PRTR
Session 4:
Monitoring/Measuring,
calculation and estimation of
emissions
PART 2 : MONITORING
Iksan van der Putte
WHY MONITOR
The IPPC Directive requires all Emission Limit Values (ELVs)
in permits to be based on the application of Best Available
Techniques (BAT).
Monitoring the performance of these BAT-based techniques
May be necessary for two main reasons:
•to check that the emissions are within ELVs, e.g.
compliance assessment
•to establish the contribution of a particular installation
to environmental pollution in general, e.g. periodic
environmental reporting to the competent authorities.
(ref. E-PRTR)
•Other reasons
Who monitors
Compliance monitoring can be carried out by competent
authorities, operators, or by third-party contractors acting
on their behalf.
Both the authorities and operators are increasingly making
use of external contractors to undertake monitoring work on
their behalf.
However, even when using contractors the ultimate
responsibility for the monitoring and its quality remains
with the relevant authority or operator and cannot be
contracted out.
Who monitors
It is the responsibility of the competent authority to establish
and set appropriate quality requirements, and to consider a
range of safeguards. For the purpose of compliance
assessment use of the following is good practice:
_ standard methods of measurement, where available
_ certified instruments
_ certification of personnel
_ accredited laboratories.
“What” and “How” to monitor
In principle there are various approaches that can
be taken to monitor a parameter, although some of
them may not be appropriate for particular applications:
•
•
•
•
•
direct measurements
surrogate parameters
mass balances
other calculations
emission factors.
“What” and “How” to monitor
Direct measurements
(a) continuous monitoring
fixed in-situ (or in-line) continuous reading instruments
(NB regular maintenance/calibration)
fixed on-line (or extractive) continuous reading instruments
(NB pre-treatment).
(b) discontinuous monitoring.
Portable instruments
laboratory analysis of samples taken by fixed, in-situ samplers,
laboratory analysis of spot samples.
“What” and “How” to monitor
Surrogate parameters
(a) quantitative surrogates
• total VOC instead of the individual components
• calculation of the waste gas concentration from
the composition and throughput of fuel, raw materials and
additives and from the flow rates
• continuous dust measurements as a good indication
for heavy metal emissions
“What” and “How” to monitor
Mass balance method
Calculations
Fuel analysis emission calculation
E = Q x C/100 x (MW/EW) x T
Where:
E = Annual load of the chemical species emitted (kg/yr)
Q = Fuel mass flow rate (kg/h)
C = Concentration of the elemental pollutant in fuel (wt%)
MW = Molecular weight of the chemical species emitted (kg/kg-mole)
EW = Elemental weight of the pollutant in fuel (kg/kg-mole)
T = Operating hours (h/yr)
Emission factors
Emission Rate = Emission Factor x Activity Data
(mass per time) (mass per unit of throughput) (throughput per time)
Emission factors are obtained from European and American sources
(e.g. EPA 42, CORINAIR,UNICE, OECD) and are usually expressed
as the weight of a substance emitted divided by the unit weight, volume,
distance, or duration of the activity emitting the substance (e.g. kilograms
of sulphur dioxide emitted per tonne of fuel burned).
“C” for example Corinair
Tier 1: a method using readily available statistical data on the intensity of processes
(“activity rates”) and default emission factors. These emission factors assume a
linear relation between the intensity of the process and the resulting emissions.
The Tier 1 default emission factors also assume an average or typical process
description.
Tier 2: is similar to Tier 1 but uses more specific emission factors developed on the
basis of knowledge of the types of processes and specific process conditions
that apply in the country for which the inventory is being developed.
Tier 3: is any method that goes beyond the above methods. These might include the
use of more detailed activity information, specific abatement strategies or other
relevant technical information.
Corinair : default emission factors
Tier 1 (small combustion installations)
Corinair : emission factors
Tier 2
“How” to express ELVs and
monitoring results
There is a relationship between the way ELVs are expressed
and the objective for monitoring these emissions.
The following types of units can be applied, either singly or
in combination:
•_ concentration units (mg/m3)
•_ units of load over time (kg/s)
•_ specific units and emission factors (kg/t of product)
•_ thermal effect units (temperature)
•_ other emission value units (m/s exhaust gas)
•_ normalised units (ref. oxygen conc.)
Monitoring timing considerations
-time when samples and/or measurements are taken
(depend on plant processing conditions)
- averaging time (hourly, daily, yearly)
-frequency (e.g. from one sample/year to on-line measurements
covering 24 hours/day and it is generally divided into
continuous and discontinuous monitoring)
In general, the description of the ELV in the permit
(in terms of e.g. total amount and peaks), is
the basis to set up the monitoring timing requirements.
These requirements and associated
compliance monitoring must be clearly defined and indicated in
the permit so as to avoid ambiguity.
The time when samples are taken is not important
since the results are very similar irrespective of
when the samples are taken (i.e. in the morning, on
Thursdays, etc.).
The averaging time is also not so important since
whatever time we choose (e.g. half-hour, 2
hours, etc.) the mean values are also very similar.
The frequency could therefore be discontinuous
because the results would be very similar
Whether the ELV should focus on the peaks or on
the total amount depends entirely on
the nature/potential hazard of the emissions.
If harmful effects can occur due to short-term
pollutant impacts then it is important to control
the peaks rather than the cumulative load.
A very short averaging time is used for controlling
the peaks, and a longer averaging time for controlling
the total amount. A high frequency for controlling the
peaks is better (continuous monitoring)
Process 3 represents a typical example of a
cyclic or a batch process.
The time when samples are taken and the
averaging time can be restricted to the periods
when the batch process is in operation;.
The frequency could be either discontinuous
or continuous
Again, the nature/potential hazard of the
emissions will dictate whether an ELV is to
be set for the peaks or for the total amount of
emissions. In this case, the time when samples
are taken is very important because, due to the
variability of the process, samples taken at
different times can give very different results.
A very short averaging time is used for
controlling the peaks, and a longer averaging time is
used for controlling the total amount.
In either case a high frequency (e.g. continuous)
is likely to be necessary, since a lower
frequency is likely to produce non-reliable results
MONITORING
Important role for quality requirements/
DATA VERIFICATION/Validation/Management