Transcript Chapter 3

Chapter 3
Green Certification
Chapter 3: Objectives
• After completing this chapter, you will be able
to:
• Compare and contrast ENERGY STAR, NAHB®, and
LEED®.
• Define RESNET and how it relates to ENERGY STAR.
• Describe HERS ratings.
Chapter 3: Objectives (con’t)
• Recognize the relationship between NAHB®
and ICC.
• Identify NAHB’s® four levels of point ratings
for green buildings.
• Define the relationship between LEED® and
USGBC®.
• Identify the numerous different LEED®
designations available through GBCI.
Chapter 3: Key Terms
• Certified Green Professional Designation available from
NAHB (National Association of Home Builders) for persons
with experience in building and contracting who fulfill the
requirements.
• Effective Age Appraiser’s estimate of the age of the property
in terms of wear and tear and condition, in addition to any
noted functional or external obsolecense. The effective age
can be greater than or less than the actual age.
• Energy Rating Labels Yellow stickers affixed to products to
advise the consumer of the projected energy consumption of
that particular product and the average energy consumption
for other products like it.
Chapter 3: Key Terms (con’t)
• ENERGY STAR One of the rating systems
available to evaluate homes for energy
efficiency. ENERGY STAR Certified Raters are
RESNET approved raters.
• Greenwashing Practice of claiming that a
house or other building has more green
features than it actually has.
Key Terms: Chapter 3 (con’t)
• HERS (Home Energy Rating Systems) Index used by
ENERGY STAR Certified Raters. In the HERS rating system, 0
= zero net energy home; the higher the score, the less
efficient the home is.
• ICC (International Code Council) Per their website The
International Code Council is a member-focused association
dedicated to helping the building safety community and
construction industry provide safe, sustainable and
affordable construction through the development of codes
and standards used in the design, build and compliance
process. Most U.S. communities and many global markets
choose the International Codes.
Key Terms: Chapter 3 (con’t)
• LEED® (Leadership in Energy Efficiency and
Design) Third party rating system for energy
efficiency. The USGBC® (United States Green
Building Council) confers LEED® designations.
• NAHB® (National Association of Home
Builders) Large trade group of home builders;
they also have a research center which helped
the ICC develop standards for green building.
Key Terms: Chapter 3 (con’t)
• RESNET(Residential Energy Services Network) Nonprofit membership corporation, which has established
national standards for energy efficiency ratings.
Inspectors must be RESNET certified.
• Uniform Appraisal Dataset (UAD) The standardized
abbreviations, ratings, and information required by
Fannie Mae and others for appraisers to use in written
appraisal reports submitted to that entity.
• Upgrades Changes to a builder’s “standard” product,
which are of a higher quality.
Appraising Properties
• Appraisers are concerned with qualitative
analysis and quantitative adjustments.
• Appraisers quantify the quality and condition of
the properties they appraise.
• When developing a cost approach, it’s based
upon the quality of the improvement, and makes
adjustments for physical, functional, and
economic depreciation.
• When the appraiser assigns a higher quality
rating to one property, he should be able to
Appraising Properties (con’t)
• When developing a report for a lender, the
appraiser may be using the Uniform Appraisal
Dataset (UAD)
• UAD will be discussed in detail in a later
chapter but, in general, the report give the
appraiser concrete definitions of various
quality ratings; e.g., Q1, Q2, etc.
Appraising Properties (con’t)
• Appraisers also determine effective age and
remaining economic life for a building.
• Appraisers will often comment on specific
parts of the house, as in “The house displays
normal wear and tear. It is also noted that the
roof is nearly at the end of its physical life, and
will need to be replaced.”
Appraising Properties (con’t)
• When appraising new construction, appraisers
ascertain what the basic model is for the
builder, and what constitutes upgrades.
• For example, carpeting is standard; hard wood
flooring is an upgrade. Appraisers typically
comment on these, and of course, adjust for
them if they are relevant characteristics.
Appraising Properties (con’t)
• A sample comment might be “This house,
although based on the Patriot model, has ceilings
that are 10’ high instead of the standard 8’;
crown moldings in all rooms; hardwood floors in
the dining room, kitchen, living rooms, and
bedrooms; and ceramic tile in the bathrooms.
• The adjustment made for quality reflects these
upgrades and their contributory value to the
property as a whole.”
Evaluating Houses for Energy Efficiency
For green construction and energy efficient
items, there are several rating entities and
systems found in the marketplace.
•For new construction, the major players in the
green certification program are:
– ENERGY STAR
– NAHB® Green Building Standard
– LEED® (Leadership in Energy Efficiency and Design)
Evaluating Houses for Energy Efficiency
(con’t)
• For existing homes:
– Some home inspectors are beginning to add
energy audits to what they offer as a pre-purchase
inspection.
– Electric utility companies, in most parts of the
United States, will provide an audit for free, or for
a very reasonable fee.
ENERGY STAR
• To review, ENERGY STAR is one of the rating
systems available to evaluate homes for
energy efficiency.
• ENERGY STAR ratings are available on both
new and existing housing.
ENERGY STAR (con’t)
• ENERGY STAR specifically considers:
– Effective insulation.
– High performance windows.
– Tight construction and ducts.
– Efficient heating and cooling equipment.
– Efficient products.
ENERGY STAR (con’t)
• Since it is a third party verification system, it is
more reliable than the builder simply stating
that the house is “green” or “energy efficient”.
• However, since ENERGY STAR ratings are also
used for appliances, beware of builders and
others who put high efficiency appliances in a
house and then call it an “ENERGY STAR”
house.
• This is known as greenwashing.
EnergyGuide Rating Labels
• The yellow EnergyGuide labels seen on
appliances, printers, computers, etc. are energy
rating labels.
• ENERGY STAR rates appliances, heating and air
conditioning systems, hot water heaters, etc.
• Per ENERGY STAR’s website, typical utility costs
for a home are $2,200 annually.
EnergyGuide Rating Labels
• By using EnergyGuide rating labels, consumers
can compare products to determine which are
most efficient.
• NOTE: Not all EnergyGuide labels have an
ENERGY STAR, as that is reserved for those
products that use less energy and are better for
the environment.
ENERGY STAR Certified Raters
• The ratings for ENERGY STAR houses are done
by certified raters.
• ENERGY STAR inspectors are RESNET certified.
ENERGY STAR Certified Raters (con’t)
• To become a Certified Rater, a person must:
– Take a four-day course from RESNET.
– Perform two ratings.
– Pass an examination.
– Pass a national test.
– Adhere to a code of ethics.
– Complete continuing education requirements.
ENERGY STAR Certified Raters (con’t)
• Certified Raters:
– Can inspect existing and new ENERGY STAR houses.
– Perform a physical inspection of an existing home, or
use energy-modeling software to estimate future
energy use. This yields a projected HERS rating, based
on heating, cooling, water heating, and lighting.
– Include on-site power systems, such as solar, as part
of their evaluation.
– Identify if upgrades are needed to plans to ensure that
the house meets ENERGY STAR performance
guidelines.
HERS Ratings
• The ratings produced by RESNET are Home
Energy Rating Systems (HERS) ratings.
– Remember - In the HERS rating system, 0 = zero
net energy home; the higher the score, the less
efficient the home is.
• A RESNET HERS rating is also the minimum
code compliance with respect to energy
efficiency for sixteen states.
HERS Ratings (con’t)
• RESNET HERS ratings are used:
– For Energy Efficient Mortgages (EEMs) as well as
by the federal government for verification of
building energy performance.
– To determine if a building or improvement
qualifies for a federal tax credit, or for inclusion in
the U. S. Department of Energy’s Building America
Program.
Energy Use in ENERGY STAR Homes
• ENERGY STAR homes should reduce energy
use over a conventional home by at least:
– 15 percent in climate zones 1 to 5.
– 20 percent in zones 6 to 8; this is the minimum
requirement in northern tier climate states.
Energy Use in ENERGY STAR Homes
(con’t)
• Note: Due to specific climates and codes, EPA
allows California, Hawaii and the Pacific
Northwest to use their own locally developed
energy codes. Information source: Choosing Green: The Homebuyer’s
Guide to Good Green Homes.
RESNET Scoring
• RESNET specifications are set to a reference
house, which has a HERS index of 100, based on
the 2006 International Energy Conservation
Code. A net zero energy home has an index of
zero. Each point on the scale represents 1 percent
(1%) of energy efficiency.
• For an appraiser, this is a reference point which is
quantifiable, as in “This house has a HERS rating
of 50, and comparable #1 has a HERS rating of
75”.
Indoor Air Quality
• Indoor air quality is another rating from ENERGY
STAR, known as the ENERGY STAR Indoor Air
Package Label.
• Homes with this label incorporate an additional
60+ design and construction features to control
moisture, radon, and pets; provide adequate
ventilation; and reduce chemical exposure.
• The goal is to protect inhabitants from pollution.
Use of the Program
• ENERGY STAR is universally acknowledged to
be the most popular home energy rating
system of the three mentioned earlier.
National Green Building Standards
(NBGS)
• Since 2004, the National Association of Home
Builders (NAHB®) and the International Code
Council (ICC) have developed and published
the NAHB National Green Building Standards
(NGBS).
• These cover single, multi-unit, residential
remodeling and site development projects,
and are customized for different parts of the
United States.
National Green Building Standards
(NBGS) (con’t)
• The National Association of Green Builders
does have members.
• Because many communities have adopted the
ICC codes as building codes, the standards
developed by the NAHB Research Center and
ICC are, in many cases, already included in
building code.
• In this respect, many “green features” for new
construction are code requirements.
NAHB® Designation
• NAHB® offers a Certified Green Professional™
(CGP) designation to builders, remodelers, etc.
• To obtain this certification, an individual must:
– Take a required course: Green Building for Building
Professionals AND either Business Management
for Building Professionals or Basics of Building, or
hold another NAHB designation.
– Have a minimum of two years of building industry
experience, and submit a signed CGP Code of
Ethics with their application.
NAHB® Designation (con’t)
• NAHB® also offers an additional certification,
Master Certified Green Professional, which is a
step up from the Certified Green Profession
designation.
ICC 700 Green Building Standard
• In 2007, NAHB® partnered with the ICC to
develop a nationally recognized standard of
green building.
• This is known as the ICC 700 Green Building
Standard. Additionally, there is a separate
rating system that developers can apply to
green land developments.
ICC 700 Green Building Standard (con’t)
• NAHB® has four levels, for new construction,
which rank as follows from lowest (least
energy efficient and fewest green features) to
highest (most energy efficient and most green
features). All levels have energy efficiency and
green features, but as the level increases, so
does the “green level.”
ICC 700 Green Building Standard (con’t)
Here are the four levels:
– Bronze
– Silver
– Gold
– Emerald
ICC 700 Green Building Standard (con’t)
• NAHB® originally required that a
representative sampling (15%) of the same
models of houses built by the same builder be
subject to a physical review.
• In theory, this is great, because it saves time
and money.
• In practice, sub-contractors do not always
follow the plans and specs that they should
follow.
ICC 700 Green Building Standard (con’t)
• Proposed changes, as of this writing, to the
ICC 700 Green Building Standard Program will
require 100% of the houses be tested.
ICC 700 Green Building Standard (con’t)
• As municipalities adopt the ICC 700 Green
Building Standard, green will become more
ubiquitous.
• The ICC 700 Green Building Standard is an
overlay to ICC Codes, which are in effect in
most places in the United States.
NAHB® Gold Level
• At the NAHB® Gold level is the buyer gets an
“owner’s manual” from the builder.
• This contains basic information about the
certification level of the home, maintenance and
operation, warranty manuals, community
information about recycling, public
transportation, and other features.
• It also provides an explanation of the benefits of
using compact fluorescent light bulbs (or LEDs) as
well as tips for conserving energy and water use.
NAHB® Gold Level (con’t)
• It is now a common practice among some
home inspectors to provide buyers with this
type of manual, including directions for
routine maintenance and time frames; for
example, clean the gutters and downspouts
twice a year; check the furnace filter and
replace it monthly, etc.
Threshold Point Rating
• NAHB ® and LEED ® both give points for how
the site is designed and developed. In the next
section, you will learn more about LEED.
• Additional information can be found at the
following website: www.NAHB.org. Included
on the website is a spreadsheet that can be
downloaded for new construction, and can
assist the builder in figuring out how to obtain
a specific performance point level.
LEED®
• The United States Green Building Council
(USGBC®) confers LEED® designations.
• In other words, LEED® is a proprietary rating
system owned by USGBC®, which means that
only USGBC® can certify a building using
LEED® guidelines.
LEED® (con’t)
• USGBC® takes into account the entire building
project, from start to finish. It includes:
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Site design, which includes building placement
Energy efficiency of the building and component parts
Sustainability
Conservation of natural resources
Reduced waste during building process
Reduction of greenhouse gases
LEED®
(con’t)
• The LEED® levels are:
– Silver
– Gold
– Platinum
• The levels ascend, with Platinum being the
highest level attainable.
LEED®
(con’t)
• It should be noted that as an “entry level”
requirement, a house under evaluation for LEED®
certification must have a HERS score of 85 or less.
• LEED® ratings are available for:
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–
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Residential.
New builds.
Re-habs.
Tenant build outs.
Commercial.
Institutional.
LEED®
(con’t)
• Of the rating systems discussed, LEED® is the
only one that also covers commercial,
including core and shell; institutional, which
includes, schools, hospitals, and various
college buildings; as well as single family and
multi-family residential.
LEED®
(con’t)
• Non-residential LEED® categories are shown
below, with the associated abbreviation (if
any) used by LEED®:
– New Construction (NC)
– Core and Shell (CS)
– Commercial Interior (CI)
– Existing Buildings with limited construction (EB)
– Schools
– Neighborhood Development
Volume Certification
• For commercial clients who plan to build
several identical buildings in the different
locations, LEED® offers volume certification,
which streamlines the process and is less
costly.
• More about volume certification can be found
at:http://www.usgbc.org/
LEED® and Residential
• The LEED® criteria for houses includes:
– Innovation and design process
– Location and linkages
– Sustainable sites
– Water efficiency
– Energy atmosphere
– Materials and resources
– Indoor environmental quality
– Awareness and education
LEED® and Residential (con’t)
• According to the USGBC® website LEED®
Certification for Homes is the most difficult to
obtain, since the qualification process is
rigorous and comprehensive in nature.
• It doesn’t focus on one aspect of the home, it
takes into consideration everything that could
be green, including materials used for
construction, energy resources, and air quality
just to name a few.
LEED® Extra Points
• Since LEED®extra points are available for a
variety of items, such as:
– Reclaiming brownfields
– Being adjacent to a bike path and/or public
transportation
– A garage not attached to the house – due to
LEED®’s attention to indoor air quality (IAQ)
– A permeable driveway surface, either unpaved, or
paved with porous asphalt – due to LEED®’s
interest in water efficiency
LEED® Extra Points (con’t)
• LEED® also provides regional credits, which
allow projects to earn bonus points if they
implement green building strategies that
address specific, important environmental
issues for their region.
• Note: LEED® stresses education for the owner
or occupiers of the home.
Green Building Market
and Impact Report
• According to the Green Building Market and
Impact Report, the estimated LEED® Certified
Homes for 2007-2011 included:
– Total units: 15,966
• Single-family (attached and detached):
6942
• Multi-family (including duplex and triplex): 9004
• Note: The approximate floor area, overall, for
these homes was 22.3 million square feet.
Green Building Market
and Impact Report (con’t)
• LEED® has grown significantly in the
multifamily category from 2009 through 2011.
This is despite the slowdown in the U.S.
residential building market.
• The report also notes that more focus is on
the Gold level and credits this with increased
awareness of the levels, as well as innovations
in building practices, making this level easier
to obtain.
Certification Levels for LEED®
• LEED® has a number of different designations
for raters available through the Green Building
Certification Institute (GBCI).
• They are as follows:
Certification Levels for LEED® (con’t)
• LEED® Green Associate - Designed for
professionals who want to demonstrate their
green building expertise in non-technical fields
of practice. It would be one available to real
estate agents and appraisers who are not
involved in the building industry. It denotes
basic knowledge of green design,
construction, and operations.
Certification Levels for LEED® (con’t)
LEED® AP BD+C - Designed for professionals
who participate in the design and construction
phases of environmentally sound commercial,
institutional, and high-rise residential buildings.
This specialty credential was designed to denote
practical knowledge of the Green Building
Design + Construction LEED® rating systems:
LEED® for New Construction, LEED® for Schools,
and LEED® for Core & Shell.
Certification Levels for LEED® (con’t)
• LEED® AP ID+C - Designed for professionals
participating in the design and construction of
commercial spaces and tenant improvements.
This specialty credential includes knowledge
of both Green Interior Design and
Construction LEED® rating system.
Certification Levels for LEED® (con’t)
• LEED® AP Homes - Designed specifically for
single family residential real estate. It provides
a standard for professionals participating in
design and construction of high-performance
green homes; individuals who have this
credential have practical knowledge of the
LEED® for Homes rating system.
Certification Levels for LEED® (con’t)
• LEED® AP O+M - Designed for professionals
who participate in the operation and
maintenance of existing buildings that have
implemented sustainable practices and have
reduced the environmental impact of a
building over its functional life. This credential
denotes practical knowledge of the Green
Building Operations + Maintenance LEED®
rating system: LEED® for Existing Buildings:
Operations & Maintenance.
Certification Levels for LEED® (con’t)
• LEED® AP ND - Designed for professionals who
participate in the design and development of
neighborhoods that meet accepted high levels
of environmentally responsible, sustainable
development. Those who have this credential
have practical knowledge of the LEED® for
Neighborhood Development rating system.
Certification Levels for LEED® (con’t)
• The LEED® Fellow - The equivalent of an
“honorary degree” from GBCI, this designation
is for green building industry exceptional
professionals. These individuals are
nominated by other members of the GBCI. To
even be considered, they must have held a
designation for at least eight years.
LEED
• To access more information about these
designations and associated programs, visit
the GBIC website at: www.gbic.org
• All of the LEED® credentials, except LEED®
Fellow, require continuing education every
two years. Significant changes are being made
to LEED® and will become effective Spring
2013.
Standard 189.1
• In March 2012, the International Green
Construction Code (IgCC) was released.
– It provides direction to governments to increase
energy-efficiency of structures, as well as
providing oversight of green design and
construction.
• The ICC was the author of the code and the
USGBC was a partner in this effort.
Standard 189.1 (con’t)
• What was adopted is known as Standard
189.1. Standard 189.1 has categories for:
– Site.
– Water.
– Energy.
– IEQ (Indoor Environmental Quality, which replaces
the former IAQ, which was Indoor Air Quality).
– Materials and Resources.
– Construction and Operation.
Standard 189.1 (con’t)
• Standard 189.1 is ANSI standard, written in
model code language, to provide minimum
requirements for high performance green
buildings. The sponsors and co-sponsors
include:
– ASHRAE: American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers
– USGBC®: United States Green Building Council
– IESNA: Illuminating Engineering Society of North
America
Chapter Summary
• When evaluating homes for energy efficiency,
third party raters are useful to real estate
agents and appraisers since they provide a
quantifiable benchmark for the property.
• For green certification in new construction,
the major “players” are NAHB®, LEED® and
ENERGY STAR.
Chapter Summary
• The Green Building Standards provided by
NAHB® are non-proprietary, meaning anyone
can use these standards.
• NAHB® also notes that they customize their
standards for different parts of the United
States (and hence, different climates).
• LEED® is considered by themselves and within
the industry to be the most difficult to obtain.
Chapter Summary
• LEED has the most certifications available, and
allows specialization within the field of green
building.
• ENERGY STAR is by far the most prevalent
rating. Their website claims over 1,000,000
ENERGY STAR homes in the United States,
with 130,000 added in 2011.
Chapter Quiz
1. Which certification/designation would be
available for those in the real estate industry
who are NOT builders?
a. LEED® AP +BD + C
b. LEED® AP Homes Credential
c. LEED® Green Associate
d. LEED® Fellow
Chapter Quiz
1. Which certification/designation would be
available for those in the real estate industry
who are NOT builders?
a. LEED® AP +BD + C
b. LEED® AP Homes Credential
c. LEED® Green Associate
d. LEED® Fellow
Chapter Quiz
2. ENERGY STAR estimated that typical utility
costs for a home annually are
a. $2,200.
b. $3,600
c. $4,000.
d. $5,200.
Chapter Quiz
2. ENERGY STAR estimated that typical utility
costs for a home annually are
a. $2,200.
b. $3,600
c. $4,000.
d. $5,200.
Chapter Quiz
3. The vast majority of green certified single
family homes are certified by
a. ENERGY STAR.
b. HERS.
c. LEED®.
d. NAHB®.
Chapter Quiz
3. The vast majority of green certified single
family homes are certified by
a. ENERGY STAR.
b. HERS.
c. LEED®.
d. NAHB®.
Chapter Quiz
4. The National Green Building Standards were
developed by
a. LEED® and ENERGY STAR.
b. NAHB® and ICC.
c. NAHB® and LEED®.
d. RESNET and NAHB®.
Chapter Quiz
4. The National Green Building Standards were
developed by
a. LEED® and ENERGY STAR.
b. NAHB® and ICC.
c. NAHB® and LEED®.
d. RESNET and NAHB®.
Chapter Quiz
5. NAHB® requires an “owner’s manual” for a
Green certified house at which level of
certification?
a. Bronze
b. Emerald
c. Gold
d. Silver
Chapter Quiz
5. NAHB® requires an “owner’s manual” for a
Green certified house at which level of
certification?
a. Bronze
b. Emerald
c. Gold
d. Silver
Chapter Quiz
6. The ratings produced by RESNET are
a. Gold.
b. HERS.
c. LEED®.
d. NAHB®.
Chapter Quiz
6. The ratings produced by RESNET are
a. Gold.
b. HERS.
c. LEED®.
d. NAHB®.
Chapter Quiz
7. A commercial tenant who is remodeling his
space and seeking a green certification from
LEED® would probably seek
a. CI.
b. CS.
c. EB.
d. NC.
Chapter Quiz
7. A commercial tenant who is remodeling his
space and seeking a green certification from
LEED® would probably seek
a. CI.
b. CS.
c. EB.
d. NC.
Chapter Quiz
8. HERS levels are based on a HERS index of
a. 0.
b. 75.
c. 80.
d. 100.
Chapter Quiz
8. HERS levels are based on a HERS index of
a. 0.
b. 75.
c. 80.
d. 100.
Chapter Quiz
9. For sixteen states, which is the minimum code
compliance with respect to energy-efficiency?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ENERGY STAR HERS rating
LEED® certification level of Silver
NAHB® certification level of Bronze
net zero HERS rating
Chapter Quiz
9. For sixteen states, which is the minimum code
compliance with respect to energy-efficiency?
a.
b.
c.
d.
ENERGY STAR HERS rating
LEED® certification level of Silver
NAHB® certification level of Bronze
net zero HERS rating